Custom-designed ground-effect test stand. A load cell is mounted on a platform, which can be driven up and down by a stepper motor at top of the stand. The load cell connects a lever arm to the platform and measures the force generated by the quadcopter mounted at the other end of the lever arm. Propellers are installed in an inverted configuration to allow the rotor-to-ground height to be varied between 0 m and 1 m. The height of the vehicle is computer controlled using a VICON motion capture system.