... singularity only one node was constrained in the axial direction. A radial pressure is applied to a small housing inner surface and corresponds to the contact stress produced by one compressed packing ring. In the relaxation, the mechanical properties of test bench housing and stem used in the FE simulation...

... , at a packing compressive stress of 14 MPa. The strain increase is 10   μ s when the stress is raised to 37.06 MPa. This represents 12% and 5%, respectively, and shows the importance of including pressure in the modeling of stuffing boxes. Leakage test with four FG packing rings...