Fig. 1 Methodology flowchart More

Fig. 2 System diagram for the medium office building More

Fig. 3 System diagram for the large office building, air handling unit More

Fig. 4 System diagram for the large office building, chilled water plant with cooling towers More

Fig. 5 Selected pricing signals for the simulation month More

Fig. 6 Selected carbon MEF signals for the simulation month More

Fig. 7 Loss metric for carbon, cost, energy, and peak demand controllers More

Fig. 8 Comparison of mean air temperature, HVAC electric energy, grid incentive signals, and outdoor air temperature on the days with the highest individual savings, July 18th (highest carbon and energy savings), July 7th (highest cost savings), and July 17th (highest peak penalty savings) More

Fig. 9 Comparison of mean air temperature, HVAC electric energy, grid incentive signals, and outdoor air temperature on 7/19 and 7/25, the two days featuring an optimal solution that brings maximum savings in carbon, cost, and energy categories More

Fig. 10 Comparison of mean air temperature, HVAC electric energy, grid incentive signals, and outdoor air temperature on 7/7 and 7/24, the two days featuring the worst trade-off dynamic between the carbon and cost objective (optimal strategies for both objectives on both days featured on the graph... More

Fig. 1 NELHA layout More

Fig. 2 Pumps linear efficiency curve versus quadratic efficiency curves More

Fig. 3 Optimal dispatch with only ESS at RC for the day Sept. 11, 2019 More

Fig. 4 Optimal dispatch with only DSM for the day Sept. 11, 2019 More

Fig. 5 Optimal dispatch with both ( a ) ESS and ( b ) DSM for SSW at RC for the day Sept. 11, 2019 More