... for thick wall expansion bellows design with regard to condition of applicability of design formula, spring rate determination, parameter to define the initial geometry, stress determination, and fatigue evaluation. Inherent limitations of these codes with respect to expansion bellows design, research gape...

... expansion and also functions as a pressure retaining part. Design of expansion joints is usually based on trial and error method in which initial geometry must be assumed, and accordingly maximum stresses and spring rate are be calculated. Inadequate selection of geometry leads to higher tubesheet...