... the CTOD toughness and the stress constraint, the prediction results given in this section are for demonstration and for consistency check, and are not considered a full validation of the relationship itself. Two types of simulations using CRACK3D are performed. digital simulation ductile fracture...

... to the inner wall of the pipe. Also, the radial stress doubled the magnitude of the applied pressure. 26 01 2006 21 01 2007 pipes pipe flow digital simulation computational fluid dynamics finite element analysis wakes vibrations damping stress analysis aluminium steel shock waves...