... and the corresponding change in the joint clamp load due to a separating service load that is placed at various distances from the bolt center. The separating force is symmetrically placed at locations (from the bolt center) that are equal to 3–5 times the nominal diameter of the bolt. Experimental verification...

...Sayed A. Nassar; Payam H. Matin The amount of clamp load due to an externally applied separating force is determined for a boiled assembly in which the fastener is elongated past its proportional limit, while the clamped joint remained within its elastic range. After the initial tightening...

... creates fastener tension and joint clamp load. The wave speed through the bolt material is stress dependent; hence, it continuously changes as the fastener is being elongated during the tightening process. A varying wave speed algorithm is developed and utilized in order to compensate for wave speed...