.... A series of mathematical equations can describe the pre-strain storage and release process as well as whether a sample is bistable or monostable. Careful consideration of material and process is required when creating 4D printed pre-strain driven structures, and more research is needed to understand...

... Manufacturing , 2nd ed. , Springer , New York . [2] González-Henríquez , C. M. , Sarabia-Vallejos , M. A. , and Rodriguez-Hernandez , J. , 2019 , “ Polymers for Additive Manufacturing and 4D-Printing: Materials, Methodologies, and Biomedical Applications ,” Prog. Polym. Sci. , 94 , pp...