Abstract

A workspace is created within the geant4 Application for Tomographic Emission (gate) software toolkit for radiographic nondestructive testing (NDT) simulations. The workspace contains models for X-ray and gamma ray emissions, test sample geometries, radiation interaction with the test sample, and image receptors to afford a radiographic NDT setup. The setup is then evaluated by simulating radiographic testing (RT) of stainless-steel step-wedges and a carbon steel flawed welded plate. The results are validated by comparing a simulated step-wedge image to an experimental radiograph. The workspace can be advantageous to the industrial radiography specialists who are unfamiliar with medical imaging software. Running the simulation does not require working knowledge of gate; the open-source software toolkit.

Issue Section:
RAW Management and Decommissioning
Keywords:
nondestructive testing, radiographic testing, simulation, geant4, gate
Topics:
Computer software, Gates (Closures), Nondestructive evaluation, Radiation (Physics), Simulation, Testing, Wedges, X-rays, Gamma rays, Emissions

References

1.
IAEA
,
1999
, “
Non-Destructive Testing: A Guidebook for Industrial Management and Quality Control Personnel
,”
International Atomic Energy Agency
,
Vienna, Austria
.
2.
IAEA
,
1992
, “
Industrial Radiography: Manual for the Syllabi Contained in IAEA-TECDOC-
62
8
,”
International Atomic Energy Agency
,
Vienna, Austria
.
3.
Gray
,
J. N.
,
Inanc
,
F.
, and
Shull
,
B. E.
,
1989
, “
Three Dimensional Modeling of Projection Radiography
,”
Review of Progress in Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation: Part A and B
, Vol.
8
,
D. O.
Thompson
, and
D. E.
Chimenti
, eds.,
Springer
,
Boston, MA
, pp.
345
–
350
.
Google Scholar
Crossref
Search ADS
 
4.
Inanc
,
F.
, and
Gray
,
J.
,
1990
, “
A CAD Interfaced Simulation Tool for X-Ray NDE Studies
,”
Review of Progress in Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation
,
D. O.
Thompson
, and
D. E.
Chimenti
, eds.,
Springer
,
Boston, MA
, pp.
391
–
398
.
Google Scholar
Crossref
Search ADS
 
5.
Xu
,
J.
,
1994
, “
Recent Developments in the X-Ray Radiography Simulation Code: XRSIM
,”
Review of Progress in Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation
,
Plenum Press
,
New York
.
6.
Jensen
,
T.
, and
Gray
,
J. N.
,
1995
, “
RTSIM: A Computer Model of Real-Time Radiography
,”
Review of Progress in Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation
, Vol.
14
,
D. O.
Thompson
, and
D. E.
Chimenti
, eds.,
Springer
,
Boston, MA
, pp.
353
–
359
.
Google Scholar
Crossref
Search ADS
 
7.
Hugonnard
,
P.
, and
Gliere
,
A.
,
1999
, “
X-Ray Simulation and Applications
,”
International Symposium on Computerized Tomography for Industrial Applications and Image Processing in Radiology
,
DGZfP
,
Berlin
.
8.
Bellon
,
C.
,
Tillack
,
G.-R.
,
Nockemann
,
C.
, and
Stenzel
,
L.
,
1997
, “
Computer Simulation of X-Ray NDE Process Coupled With CAD Interface
,”
Review of Progress in Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation
, Vol.
16A
,
D. O.
Thompson
, and
D. E.
Chimenti
, eds.,
Springer
,
Boston, MA
, pp.
325
–
330
.
Google Scholar
Crossref
Search ADS
 
9.
Jaenisch
,
G.-R.
,
Bellon
,
C.
, and
Ewert
,
U.
, “
ARTist—Analytical RT Inspection Simulation Tool for Industrial Application
,”
17th World Conference on Non-Destructive Testing
,
Shanghai, China
, Oct. 25–28, International Committee on NDT.
10.
Agostinelli
,
S.
,
Allison
,
J.
,
Amako
,
K.
,
Apostolakis
,
J.
,
Araujo
,
H.
,
Arce
,
P.
,
Asai
,
M.
,
Axen
,
D.
,
Banerjee
,
S.
,
Barrand
,
G.
,
Behner
,
F.
,
Bellagamba
,
L.
,
Boudreau
,
J.
,
Broglia
,
L.
,
Brunengo
,
A.
,
Burkhardt
,
H.
,
Chauvie
,
S.
,
Chuma
,
J.
,
Chytracek
,
R.
,
Cooperman
,
G.
,
Cosmo
,
G.
,
Degtyarenko
,
P.
,
Dell'Acqua
,
A.
,
Depaola
,
G.
,
Dietrich
,
D.
,
Enami
,
R.
,
Feliciello
,
A.
,
Ferguson
,
C.
,
Fesefeldt
,
H.
,
Folger
,
G.
,
Foppiano
,
F.
,
Forti
,
A.
,
Garelli
,
S.
,
Giani
,
S.
,
Giannitrapani
,
R.
,
Gibin
,
D.
,
Gómez Cadenas
,
J. J.
,
González
,
I.
,
Gracia Abril
,
G.
,
Greeniaus
,
G.
,
Greiner
,
W.
,
Grichine
,
V.
,
Grossheim
,
A.
,
Guatelli
,
S.
,
Gumplinger
,
P.
,
Hamatsu
,
R.
,
Hashimoto
,
K.
,
Hasui
,
H.
,
Heikkinen
,
A.
,
Howard
,
A.
,
Ivanchenko
,
V.
,
Johnson
,
A.
,
Jones
,
F. W.
,
Kallenbach
,
J.
,
Kanaya
,
N.
,
Kawabata
,
M.
,
Kawabata
,
Y.
,
Kawaguti
,
M.
,
Kelner
,
S.
,
Kent
,
P.
,
Kimura
,
A.
,
Kodama
,
T.
,
Kokoulin
,
R.
,
Kossov
,
M.
,
Kurashige
,
H.
,
Lamanna
,
E.
,
Lampén
,
T.
,
Lara
,
V.
,
Lefebure
,
V.
,
Lei
,
F.
,
Liendl
,
M.
,
Lockman
,
W.
,
Longo
,
F.
,
Magni
,
S.
,
Maire
,
M.
,
Medernach
,
E.
,
Minamimoto
,
K.
,
Mora de Freitas
,
P.
,
Morita
,
Y.
,
Murakami
,
K.
,
Nagamatu
,
M.
,
Nartallo
,
R.
,
Nieminen
,
P.
,
Nishimura
,
T.
,
Ohtsubo
,
K.
,
Okamura
,
M.
,
O'Neale
,
S.
,
Oohata
,
Y.
,
Paech
,
K.
,
Perl
,
J.
,
Pfeiffer
,
A.
,
Pia
,
M. G.
,
Ranjard
,
F.
,
Rybin
,
A.
,
Sadilov
,
S.
,
Di Salvo
,
E.
,
Santin
,
G.
,
Sasaki
,
T.
,
Savvas
,
N.
,
Sawada
,
Y.
,
Scherer
,
S.
,
Sei
,
S.
,
Sirotenko
,
V.
,
Smith
,
D.
,
Starkov
,
N.
,
Stoecker
,
H.
,
Sulkimo
,
J.
,
Takahata
,
M.
,
Tanaka
,
S.
,
Tcherniaev
,
E.
,
Safai Tehrani
,
E.
,
Tropeano
,
M.
,
Truscott
,
P.
,
Uno
,
H.
,
Urban
,
L.
,
Urban
,
P.
,
Verderi
,
M.
,
Walkden
,
A.
,
Wander
,
W.
,
Weber
,
H.
,
Wellisch
,
J. P.
,
Wenaus
,
T.
,
Williams
,
D. C.
,
Wright
,
D.
,
Yamada
,
T.
,
Yoshida
,
H.
, and
Zschiesche
,
D.
,
2003
, “
Geant4—A Simulation Toolkit
,”
Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res., Sect. A
,
506
(
3
), pp.
250
–
303
.10.1016/S0168-9002(03)01368-8
Google Scholar
Crossref
Search ADS
 
11.
Allison
,
J.
,
Amako
,
K.
,
Apostolakis
,
J.
,
Arce
,
P.
,
Asai
,
M.
,
Aso
,
T.
,
Bagli
,
E.
,
Bagulya
,
A.
,
Banerjee
,
S.
,
Barrand
,
G.
,
Beck
,
B. R.
,
Bogdanov
,
A. G.
,
Brandt
,
D.
,
Brown
,
J. M. C.
,
Burkhardt
,
H.
,
Canal
,
P.
,
Cano-Ott
,
D.
,
Chauvie
,
S.
,
Cho
,
K.
,
Cirrone
,
G. A. P.
,
Cooperman
,
G.
,
Cortés-Giraldo
,
M. A.
,
Cosmo
,
G.
,
Cuttone
,
G.
,
Depaola
,
G.
,
Desorgher
,
L.
,
Dong
,
X.
,
Dotti
,
A.
,
Elvira
,
V. D.
,
Folger
,
G.
,
Francis
,
Z.
,
Galoyan
,
A.
,
Garnier
,
L.
,
Gayer
,
M.
,
Genser
,
K. L.
,
Grichine
,
V. M.
,
Guatelli
,
S.
,
Guèye
,
P.
,
Gumplinger
,
P.
,
Howard
,
A. S.
,
Hřivnáčová
,
I.
,
Hwang
,
S.
,
Incerti
,
S.
,
Ivanchenko
,
A.
,
Ivanchenko
,
V. N.
,
Jones
,
F. W.
,
Jun
,
S. Y.
,
Kaitaniemi
,
P.
,
Karakatsanis
,
N.
,
Karamitros
,
M.
,
Kelsey
,
M.
,
Kimura
,
A.
,
Koi
,
T.
,
Kurashige
,
H.
,
Lechner
,
A.
,
Lee
,
S. B.
,
Longo
,
F.
,
Maire
,
M.
,
Mancusi
,
D.
,
Mantero
,
A.
,
Mendoza
,
E.
,
Morgan
,
B.
,
Murakami
,
K.
,
Nikitina
,
T.
,
Pandola
,
L.
,
Paprocki
,
P.
,
Perl
,
J.
,
Petrović
,
I.
,
Pia
,
M. G.
,
Pokorski
,
W.
,
Quesada
,
J. M.
,
Raine
,
M.
,
Reis
,
M. A.
,
Ribon
,
A.
,
Ristić Fira
,
A.
,
Romano
,
F.
,
Russo
,
G.
,
Santin
,
G.
,
Sasaki
,
T.
,
Sawkey
,
D.
,
Shin
,
J. I.
,
Strakovsky
,
I. I.
,
Taborda
,
A.
,
Tanaka
,
S.
,
Tomé
,
B.
,
Toshito
,
T.
,
Tran
,
H. N.
,
Truscott
,
P. R.
,
Urban
,
L.
,
Uzhinsky
,
V.
,
Verbeke
,
J. M.
,
Verderi
,
M.
,
Wendt
,
B. L.
,
Wenzel
,
H.
,
Wright
,
D. H.
,
Wright
,
D. M.
,
Yamashita
,
T.
,
Yarba
,
J.
, and
Yoshida
,
H.
,
2016
, “
Recent Developments in Geant4
,”
Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res., Sect. A
,
835
, pp.
186
–
225
.10.1016/j.nima.2016.06.125
Google Scholar
Crossref
Search ADS
 
12.
Bishnoi
,
S.
,
Thomas
,
R. G.
,
Sarkar
,
P. S.
,
Datar
,
V. M.
, and
Sinha
,
A.
,
2015
, “
Simulation Study of Fast Neutron Radiography Using GEANT4
,”
J. Instrum.
,
10
(
2
), p.
P02002
.10.1088/1748-0221/10/02/P02002
Google Scholar
Crossref
Search ADS
 
13.
Bishnoi
,
S.
,
Sarkar
,
P.
,
Thomas
,
R.
,
Patel
,
T.
, and
Gadkari
,
S.
, “
Fast Neutron Radiography With DT Neutron Generator
,” Indian National Seminar and Exhibition on Non-Destructive Evaluation NDE, Dec., pp.
68
–
73
.
14.
Jan
,
S.
,
Santin
,
G.
,
Strul
,
D.
,
Staelens
,
S.
,
Assié
,
K.
,
Autret
,
D.
,
Avner
,
S.
,
Barbier
,
R.
,
Bardiès
,
M.
,
Bloomfield
,
P. M.
,
Brasse
,
D.
,
Breton
,
V.
,
Bruyndonckx
,
P.
,
Buvat
,
I.
,
Chatziioannou
,
A. F.
,
Choi
,
Y.
,
Chung
,
Y. H.
,
Comtat
,
C.
,
Donnarieix
,
D.
,
Ferrer
,
L.
,
Glick
,
S. J.
,
Groiselle
,
C. J.
,
Guez
,
D.
,
Honore
,
P.-F.
,
Kerhoas-Cavata
,
S.
,
Kirov
,
A. S.
,
Kohli
,
V.
,
Koole
,
M.
,
Krieguer
,
M.
,
Laan
,
D. J. V. D.
,
Lamare
,
F.
,
Largeron
,
G.
,
Lartizien
,
C.
,
Lazaro
,
D.
,
Maas
,
M. C.
,
Maigne
,
L.
,
Mayet
,
F.
,
Melot
,
F.
,
Merheb
,
C.
,
Pennacchio
,
E.
,
Perez
,
J.
,
Pietrzyk
,
U.
,
Rannou
,
F. R.
,
Rey
,
M.
,
Schaart
,
D. R.
,
Schmidtlein
,
C. R.
,
Simon
,
L.
,
Song
,
T. Y.
,
Vieira
,
J.-M.
,
Visvikis
,
D.
,
Walle
,
R. V. D.
,
Wieërs
,
E.
, and
Morel
,
C.
,
2004
, “
GATE: A Simulation Toolkit for PET and SPECT
,”
Phys. Med. Biol.
,
49
(
19
), pp.
4543
–
4561
.10.1088/0031-9155/49/19/007
Google Scholar
Crossref
Search ADS
PubMed
 
15.
Jan
,
S.
,
Benoit
,
D.
,
Becheva
,
E.
,
Carlier
,
T.
,
Cassol
,
F.
,
Descourt
,
P.
,
Frisson
,
T.
,
Grevillot
,
L.
,
Guigues
,
L.
,
Maigne
,
L.
,
Morel
,
C.
,
Perrot
,
Y.
,
Rehfeld
,
N.
,
Sarrut
,
D.
,
Schaart
,
D. R.
,
Stute
,
S.
,
Pietrzyk
,
U.
,
Visvikis
,
D.
,
Zahra
,
N.
, and
Buvat
,
I.
,
2011
, “
GATE V6: A Major Enhancement of the GATE Simulation Platform Enabling Modelling of CT and Radiotherapy
,”
Phys. Med. Biol.
,
56
(
4
), pp.
881
–
901
.10.1088/0031-9155/56/4/001
Google Scholar
Crossref
Search ADS
PubMed
 
16.
Papadimitroulas
,
P.
,
Loudos
,
G.
,
Nikiforidis
,
G. C.
, and
Kagadis
,
G. C.
,
2012
, “
A Dose Point Kernel Database Using GATE Monte Carlo Simulation Toolkit for Nuclear Medicine Applications: Comparison With Other Monte Carlo Codes
,”
Med. Phys.
,
39
(
8
), p.
5238
.10.1118/1.4737096
Google Scholar
Crossref
Search ADS
PubMed
 
17.
Sarrut
,
D.
,
Bardiès
,
M.
,
Boussion
,
N.
,
Freud
,
N.
,
Jan
,
S.
,
Létang
,
J.-M.
,
Loudos
,
G.
,
Maigne
,
L.
,
Marcatili
,
S.
,
Mauxion
,
T.
,
Papadimitroulas
,
P.
,
Perrot
,
Y.
,
Pietrzyk
,
U.
,
Robert
,
C.
,
Schaart
,
D. R.
,
Visvikis
,
D.
, and
Buvat
,
I.
,
2014
, “
A Review of the Use and Potential of the GATE Monte Carlo Simulation Code for Radiation Therapy and Dosimetry Applications
,”
Med. Phys.
,
41
(
6Pt.1
), p.
064301
.10.1118/1.4871617
Google Scholar
Crossref
Search ADS
PubMed
 
18.
Amako
,
K.
,
Guatelli
,
S.
,
Ivanchenko
,
V. N.
,
Maire
,
M.
,
Mascialino
,
B.
,
Murakami
,
K.
,
Nieminen
,
P.
,
Pandola
,
L.
,
Parlati
,
S.
,
Pia
,
M. G.
,
Piergentili
,
M.
,
Sasaki
,
T.
, and
Urban
,
L.
,
2005
, “
Comparison of Geant4 Electromagnetic Physics Models Against the NIST Reference Data
,”
IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci.
,
52
(
4
), pp.
910
–
918
.10.1109/TNS.2005.852691
Google Scholar
Crossref
Search ADS
 
19.
Geant4 Collaboration
,
2018
, “
Physics Reference Manual
,” Geant4 Collaboration, accessed Feb. 11, 2019, http://geant4-userdoc.web.cern.ch/geant4-userdoc/UsersGuides/PhysicsReferenceManual/html/generalities/index.html
20.
Berger
,
M. J.
,
Hubbell
,
J. H.
,
S
,
M.
,
Chang
,
J.
,
Coursey
,
J. S.
,
Sukumar
,
R.
,
Zucker
,
D. S.
, and
Olsen
,
K.
,
2005
, “
XCOM: Photon Cross Section Database
,”
National Institute of Standards and Technology
,
Gaithersburg, MD
, accessed Sept. 26, 2019, http://physics.nist.gov/xcom
Copyright © 2020 by ASME
You do not currently have access to this content.