Fig. 1 The shock tube and HSH model used in the experiment: ( a ) shock tube with standard configuration, ( b ) shock tube with acrylic tube extension, ( c ) HSH model and its cutaway cad drawing showing locations of four sensors, arrow indicating direction and center of shock tube insult, and ( d... More about this image found in The shock tube and HSH model used in the experiment: ( a ) shock tube with ...

Fig. 2 Hemispherical head model: ( a ) finite element mesh and ( b ) exposed view showing nylon shell and water-filled inner ear, and locations marked by dots that correspond to pressure sensors in Fig. 1( c ) (three in head cavity for front, center, and rear locations, one in inner ear) used fo... More about this image found in Hemispherical head model: ( a ) finite element mesh and ( b ) exposed view ...

Fig. 3 Shock tube models used in simulations: ( a ) two shock tubes with different configurations and ( b ) half model with axisymmetric condition More about this image found in Shock tube models used in simulations: ( a ) two shock tubes with different...

Fig. 4 NRL's human head with simplified ear structure: ( a ) head with embedded ear structures and ( b ) simplified ear structure with ear canal, ear drum, and inner ear More about this image found in NRL's human head with simplified ear structure: ( a ) head with embedded ea...

Fig. 5 ( a ) Coiled cochlear FE model that includes scala vestibuli, scala tympani, and ( b ) BM located between scala vestibuli and scala tympani More about this image found in ( a ) Coiled cochlear FE model that includes scala vestibuli, scala tympani...

Fig. 6 ( a ) Results from the bottom, rear HSH pressure sensor for four shock tube impulse noise events showing the level of reproducibility and ( b ) relationship of the pressure recorded at four locations within the HSH More about this image found in ( a ) Results from the bottom, rear HSH pressure sensor for four shock tube...

Fig. 7 Overpressure of shock tube I at: ( a ) 3 ms and ( b ) 5 ms More about this image found in Overpressure of shock tube I at: ( a ) 3 ms and ( b ) 5 ms

Fig. 8 Comparison of pressures in shock tube I with 1227 kPa (gauge) in the driver section. For comparison with experimental data, the simulation results were offset by 7.42 ms to match the experimental time base. More about this image found in Comparison of pressures in shock tube I with 1227 kPa (gauge) in the driver...

Fig. 9 Comparison of pressures in shock tube II with 1227 kPa (gauge) in the driver section More about this image found in Comparison of pressures in shock tube II with 1227 kPa (gauge) in the drive...

Fig. 10 Impulse pressure loading on the hemispherical head due to shock tube loading More about this image found in Impulse pressure loading on the hemispherical head due to shock tube loadin...

Fig. 11 Incident pressure and pressure responses inside hemispherical head More about this image found in Incident pressure and pressure responses inside hemispherical head

Fig. 12 Comparison of pressures inside hemispherical head at location of: ( a ) front near the floor, ( b ) rear near the floor, ( c ) center, and ( d ) inner ear. For comparison with experimental data, the simulation results were offset by 13.1 ms to match the experimental time base. More about this image found in Comparison of pressures inside hemispherical head at location of: ( a ) fro...

Fig. 13 Free-field incident pressure near the head due to a rifle firing: ( a ) pressure time history and ( b ) FFT results More about this image found in Free-field incident pressure near the head due to a rifle firing: ( a ) pre...

Fig. 14 Impulse pressure loading on the head due to the firing of a rifle More about this image found in Impulse pressure loading on the head due to the firing of a rifle

Fig. 15 Pressure-time histories in the brain due to a rifle firing More about this image found in Pressure-time histories in the brain due to a rifle firing

Fig. 16 Inner ear fluid response: ( a ) pressure-time history and ( b ) FFT results More about this image found in Inner ear fluid response: ( a ) pressure-time history and ( b ) FFT results...