... in 6061-T6 aluminum. To simulate changes in thermal boundary conditions, backing plates of different thermal diffusivities were found to effectively alter the heat flow, hence, weld zone temperature. The integral controller that manipulates spindle speed is applied when welding during these intentionally...

... or the tool. If such an increase is associated with a decrease in thermal diffusion, the intensity of heat will increase locally. This will reduce the material flow stress and, therefore, frictional stress. The parameter b is originally given by: b = K ρ C 1 / 2 where K...