The Falkner–Skan flow over a wedge is classic in boundary layer theory. We consider the heat or mass transfer from a source at the vertex of the wedge. The interactions of the thermal boundary layer and momentum boundary layer lead to nonlinear similarity equations which are integrated numerically. There exists a mixing index that depends on the Prandtl number and the wedge opening angle. Attention is paid to special cases such as forced convection in Blasius flow past a semi-infinite plate and the Hiemenz stagnation flow normal to a plate.

This work examines the steady two-dimensional mixed convection boundary layer flow of non-Newtonian Carreau fluid embedded in a porous medium. The impermeable wedge is at rest over which the momentum and thermal boundary layers form due to the motion of Carreau fluid with a large Reynolds number. We consider local thermal nonequilibrium for which the temperature of the solid porous medium is different from that of the fluid phase, and hence, a single heat-transport equation is replaced by a two-temperature model. The governed equations for flow and heat transfer are converted into a system of ordinary differential equations using a similarity approach. It is observed that local thermal nonequilibrium effects are dominant for small interphase heat transfer rate and porosity scaled conductivity parameters. It is shown that the temperature at any location of the solid porous medium is always higher than that of the fluid phase. When these parameters are increased gradually, the local thermal equilibrium phase is recovered at which the temperatures of the fluid and solid are identical at each pore. A similar trend is noticed for both shear-thinning and shear-thickening fluids. The results further show that heat exchange between the fluid and solid porous medium is similar to both assisted and opposed flows and Carreau fluid. The velocity and temperature fields for the various increasing fluid index, Grashof number, and permeability show that the thickness of the momentum and thermal boundary layer is thinner.

A nonlinear approximation for natural convection boundary layer flow near a vertical wall under the influence of thermal radiation is analyzed. The governing nonlinear partial differential equations are transformed into ordinary differential equations via the similarity transformation. The final dimensionless equations are solved numerically using the Runge Kutta Ferlberg fourth-fifth order (RKF45) method. The effects of the embedded parameters affecting the flow formation, temperature distribution, Nusselt number, and skin friction are thoroughly examined. It is found out that the temperature gradient is directly proportional to the thermal radiation parameter near the vertical plate whereas it is inversely proportional to the temperature gradient far away from the vertical plate. It is also found that the flow formation near the vertical wall could be enhanced with the increase in thermal radiation parameter. However, this increase remains unaffected in the freestream region. Furthermore, results also show that the rate of heat transfer could be enhanced with the increase in thermal radiation whereas decreases with the increase in other embedded flow parameters.

This paper studies the local thermal nonequilibrium (LTNE) model for two-dimensional mixed convection boundary-layer flow over a wedge, which is embedded in a porous medium in the presence of radiation and viscous dissipation. It is considered that the temperature of the fluid and solid phases is not identical; hence, we require two energy equations: one for each phase. The motion of the mainstream and wedge is approximated by the power of distance from the leading boundary layer. The flow and heat transfer in the LTNE phase is governed by the coupled partial differential equations, which are then reduced to nonlinear ordinary differential equations via suitable similarity transformations. Numerical simulations show that when the interphase rate of heat transfer is large, the system attains the local thermal equilibrium (LTE) state and so is for porosity scaled conductivity. When LTNE is strong, the fluid phase reacts faster to the mainstream temperature than the corresponding solid phase. The state of LTE rather depends on radiation and viscous dissipation of the model. Further, numerical solutions successfully predicted the upper and lower branch solutions when the velocity ratio is varied. To assess which of these solutions is practically realizable, an asymptotic analysis on unsteady perturbations for a large time leading to linear stability needs to be performed. This shows that the upper branch solutions are always stable and practically realizable. The physical dynamics behind these results are discussed in detail.

Conjugate heat transfer problems generally require a coupled solution of the temperature fields in the fluid and solid domains. Implementing the boundary condition at the surface of the solid using a discrete Green's function (DGF) decouples the solutions. A DGF is determined first considering only the fluid domain with prescribed thermal boundary conditions, then the temperature distribution in the solid is calculated using standard numerical methods. The only compatibility requirement is that the DGF must be specified with the same discretization as the surface of the solid. The method is demonstrated for both steady-state and transient heating of a thin plate with laminar boundary layers flowing over both sides. The resulting set of linear algebraic equations for the steady-state problem or linear ordinary differential equations for the transient problem are easily solved using conventional scientific programming packages. The method converges with nearly second-order accuracy as the discretization resolution is increased.

A novel finite volume method about the boundary layer flow and heat transfer of fractional viscoelastic fluid over a moving plate with convective boundary condition is developed. The fractional Maxwell model and fractional Fourier's law are employed in the constitutive relations. Numerical solutions are obtained and validated by exact solutions of special case with source terms. The effects of fractional parameters on the flow and heat transfer characteristics are analyzed. Results show that the viscoelastic fluid performs shear-thickening property with the increase of fractional parameter. Moreover, the variations of the average Nusselt number demonstrate that the viscoelastic fluid characterized by fractional Fourier's law has short memory in heat conduction process.

This is the second paper in a set that defines the discrete Green's function (DGF). This paper focuses first on the turbulent boundary layer and presents two different methods to estimate the DGF. The long-element formulation defines the DGF with just two simple algebraic equations, but it is not quantitatively accurate for short element lengths. A short element correction is derived, but must be recalculated for each selection of flow parameters and element lengths. A similarity solution is derived that allows accurate estimates of the DGF diagonal elements for laminar boundary layers and for turbulent boundary layers discretized with short element lengths. To illustrate other methods to derive DGFs in more complex flows, a low-resolution DGF for laminar stagnation line boundary layers is determined using the skin-friction formulation combined with similarity solutions for two different thermal boundary conditions. Stagnation line flow is shown to be highly sensitive to the thermal boundary condition, and this can be analyzed effectively using the DGF.

The discrete Green's function (DGF) is a superposition-based descriptor of the relationship between the surface temperature and the convective heat transfer from a surface. The surface is discretized into a finite number of elements and the DGF matrix elements relate the heat transfer out of any element i to the temperature rise on every element j of the surface. For a given flow situation, the DGF is insensitive to the thermal boundary condition so it allows direct calculation of the heat transfer for any temperature distribution and noniterative solution of conjugate heat transfer problems. The diagonal elements of the matrix are determined solely by the local velocity field while the off-diagonals are determined by the spread of the thermal wake downstream of a heated element. An analytical DGF for the laminar flat-plate boundary layers is included as an example.

The laminar and turbulent regimes of a boundary layer on a flat plate are often represented with separate correlations under the assumption of a distinct “transition Reynolds number.” Average heat coefficients are then calculated by integrating across the “transition point.” Experimental data do not show an abrupt transition, but rather an extended transition region in which turbulence develops. The transition region may be as long as the laminar region. Although this transitional behavior has been known for many decades, few correlations have incorporated it. One attempt was made by Stuart Churchill in 1976. Churchill, however, based his curve fit on some doubtful assumptions about the data sets. In this paper, we develop different approximations through a detailed consideration of multiple data sets for 0.7 ⩽ Pr ⩽ 257 , 4000 ⩽ Re x ⩽ 4 , 300 , 000 , and varying levels of freestream turbulence for smooth, sharp-edged plates at zero pressure gradient. The result we obtain is in good agreement with the available measurements and applies smoothly over the full range of Reynolds number for either a uniform wall temperature or a uniform heat flux boundary condition. Fully turbulent air data are correlated to ± 11 % . Like Churchill's result, this correlation should be matched to the estimated transition condition of any particular flow. We also review the laminar analytical solutions for a uniform wall heat flux, and point out limitations of the classical Colburn analogy.

This paper studies the linear stability of the unsteady boundary-layer flow and heat transfer over a moving wedge. Both mainstream flow outside the boundary layer and the wedge velocities are approximated by the power of the distance along the wedge wall. In a similar manner, the temperature of the wedge is approximated by the power of the distance that leads to a wall exponent temperature parameter. The governing boundary layer equations admit a class of self-similar solutions under these approximations. The Chebyshev collocation and shooting methods are utilized to predict the upper and lower branch solutions for various parameters. For these two solutions, the velocity, temperature profiles, wall shear-stress, and temperature gradient are entirely different and need to be assessed for their stability as to which of these solutions is practically realizable. It is shown that algebraically growing steady solutions do exist and their effects are significant in the unsteady context. The resulting eigenvalue problem determines whether or not the steady solutions are stable. There are interesting results that are linked to bypass an important class of boundary layer flow and heat transfer. The hydrodynamics behind these results are discussed in some detail.

A unified integral solution procedure has been proposed to analyze all possible Darcian local thermal nonequilibrium (LTNE) free, forced, and mixed convective boundary layer flows, commonly encountered in porous media engineering applications. The heated body may be arbitrarily shaped, and its temperature may vary over the surface. The integral energy equation for the solid phase yields an algebraic equation between the dimensionless fluid thermal boundary layer thickness and its ratio to the solid-phase counterpart, while the integral energy equation for the fluid phase reduces to a first order ordinary differential equation in terms of the dimensionless fluid thermal boundary layer thickness. This set of the equations for determining the local Nusselt number of our primary interest proved to be valid for all possible Darcian cases of LTNE free, forced, and mixed convective boundary layer flows over an arbitrarily shaped nonisothermal body in a fluid saturated porous medium. Asymptotic expressions for the cases of arbitrary shapes were also obtained analytically for both leading edge and far downstream regions. The results are found to agree well with available direct numerical integration results. Furthermore, the regime map has been constructed to show the boundary layer transition point from the LTNE to equilibrium. The proposed unified method is found quite useful when designing thermal engineering systems associated with fluid saturated porous media.

Laminar film condensation on a vertical plate with an upward vapor flow is studied. An approximate integral model of the condensate film and the boundary layer of the vapor is numerically solved, taking into account both gravity and interfacial shear. Here, three types of solution are examined: (i) zero film thickness at the bottom; (ii) zero flowrate with a finite film thickness at the bottom; and (iii) negative flowrates at the bottom. The film thickness and the average Nusselt number are shown as functions of the distance along the plate and the plate length, respectively. The terminal lengths of the solutions of the types (i) and (ii) are calculated against the degree of the subcooling. Moreover, the results are compared with those derived using the approximation method where the shearing stress on the vapor–liquid interface is composed of only the momentum transferred by the suction mass (the Shekriladze–Gomelauri approach). It is found that the average Nusselt number is well described by the Shekriladze–Gomelauri model in the range of the solution type (ii), while the average Nusselt number for the thinnest-film solution of the type (iii) is asymptotically consistent with the Shekriladze–Gomelauri value for long plates.

A new experimental dataset focusing on the influence of high freestream turbulence and large pressure gradients on boundary layer transition is presented. The experiments are conducted in a new wind tunnel equipped with a flat plate test section and a new kind of turbulence generator, which allows for a continuous variation of turbulence intensity. The flat plate is mounted midway between contoured top and bottom walls. Two different wall contours can be implemented to create pressure distributions on the flat plate that are typical for the pressure and suction side of high pressure turbine cascades. A large variation of Reynolds number from 3.0 × 10 5 to 7.5 × 10 5 and inlet turbulence intensity between 1.1% and 8% is realized, resulting in more than 100 test cases. Measurements comprise highly resolved heat transfer, near-wall intermittency and freestream Reynolds stress distributions. Near-wall intermittency is measured using a traversable hotfilm sensor while freestream Reynolds stresses are measured simultaneously at the same position with a revolvable X-wire probe. Additionally, turbulent length scales are analyzed using the X-wire signal along the flat plate. Results show that heat transfer and near-wall intermittency distributions are in good agreement and that heat transfer at high turbulence levels increases prior to the formation of first turbulence spots. Transition onset is found to be influenced by the turbulence Reynolds number, i.e., turbulent length scales. At constant inlet turbulence intensity, transition onset moves upstream, when the turbulent Reynolds number is decreased.

This research effort is related to the detailed analysis of the temporal evolution of thermal boundary layer(s) under periodic excitations. In the presence of oscillations, the nonlinear interaction leads to the formation of secondary flows, commonly known as acoustic streaming. However, the small spatial scales and the inherent unsteady nature of streaming have presented challenges for prior numerical investigations. In order to address this void in numerical framework, the development of a three-tier numerical approach is presented. As a first layer of fidelity, a laminar model is developed for fluctuations and streaming flow calculations in laminar flows subjected to traveling wave disturbances. At the next level of fidelity, two-dimensional (2D) U-RANS simulations are conducted across both laminar and turbulent flow regimes. This is geared toward extending the parameter space obtained from laminar model to turbulent flow conditions. As the third level of fidelity, temporally and spatially resolved direct numerical simulation (DNS) simulations are conducted to simulate the application relevant compressible flow environment. The exemplary findings indicate that in certain parameter space, both enhancement and reduction in heat transfer can be obtained through acoustic streaming. Moreover, the extent of heat transfer modulations is greater than alterations in wall shear, thereby surpassing Reynolds analogy.

This study presents the results of the experimental study on hydrodynamics and heat transfer in separation zone in front and behind a single rectangular perforated rib mounted on a flat plate. The effects of perforation open-area ratio ( β = 12%, 23.5%, and 44%) and the location of the hole on the rib (at the bottom, at the top, and in a staggered arrangement) on the mean and fluctuating characteristics of the turbulent dynamic and thermal boundary layers in the median section of the plate were examined. It was established that the stagnant and recirculation zones in the front and behind the perforated rib were shifted and became smaller or disappeared.

This work examines the steady three-dimensional forced convective thermal boundary-layer flow of laminar and incompressible fluid in a porous medium. In this analysis, it is assumed that the solid phase and the fluid phase, which is immersed in a porous medium are subjected to local thermal nonequilibrium (LTNE) conditions, which essentially leads to one thermal boundary-layer equation for each phase. Suitable similarity transformations are introduced to reduce the boundary-layer equations into system of nonlinear ordinary differential equations, which are analyzed numerically using an implicit finite difference-based Keller-box method. The numerical results are further confirmed by the asymptotic solution of the same system for large three-dimensionality parameter, and the corresponding results agree well. Our results show that the thickness of boundary layer is always thinner for all permeability parameters tested when compared to the nonporous case. Also, it is noticed that the temperature of solid phase is found to be higher than the corresponding fluid phase for any set of parameters. There is a visible temperature difference in the two phases when the microscopic interphase rate is quite large. The physical hydrodynamics to these parameters is studied in some detail.

This paper studies the steady, free convection boundary layer flow about a vertical, isothermal plate embedded in a non-Darcy bidisperse porous medium (BDPM). An appropriate mathematical model is proposed. The boundary layer analysis leads to a system of partial differential equations containing inertial, interphase momentum, thermal diffusivity ratio, thermal conductivity ratio, permeability ratio, modified thermal capacity, and convection parameters. These equations that govern the flow and heat transfer in the f-phase and the p-phase are solved numerically using an algorithm based on the bvp4c routine from matlab . The dependences of the dimensionless velocities and temperatures profiles, as well as of the Nusselt numbers on the governing parameters are investigated. The features of the flow and heat transfer characteristics for different values of the governing parameters are analyzed and discussed in details.

Double-boundary layer theory was adopted to investigate the distributions of the liquid film, gas film, heat transfer coefficient, and condensate mass fluxes around a horizontal tube for vapor condensation with noncondensable gases like steam–air and steam–CO 2 mixtures under free convection. The investigation considered the effects of the noncondensable gas concentration, surface subcooling temperature, and pressure. The thicknesses of the liquid and gas films increase gradually along the wall from top to bottom, whereas the local heat transfer coefficient and the condensate mass flux decrease. The film thicknesses do not change significantly around the upper part of the tube but increase sharply around the lower part. The liquid film thicknesses, gas film thicknesses, condensate mass fluxes, and heat transfer coefficients of steam–air systems are compared with those of steam–CO 2 systems. The condensate mass flux in the steam–air system is smaller than that of steam–CO 2 system under the condition of the same surface subcooling and gas mass fraction because air has more moles of molecules in the mixture than CO 2 and the steam more easily diffuses through CO 2 than through air. The predicted average condensation heat transfer coefficients agree well with the available experimental data.

This paper investigates the flow and heat transfer of power-law fluids over a stretching sheet where the coupling dynamics influence of viscous sheet and ambient fluid is taken into account via the stress balance. A modified Fourier's law is introduced in which the effects of viscous dissipation are taken into account by assuming that the thermal conductivity is to be shear-dependent on the velocity gradient. The conditions for both velocity and thermal boundary layers admitting similarity solutions are found, and numerical solutions are computed by a Bvp4c program. The results show that the viscous sheet and rheological properties of ambient fluids have significantly influences on both velocity and temperature fields characteristics. The formation of sheet varies with the viscosity of fluid and draw ratio, which then strongly affects the relations of the local skin friction coefficient, the local Nusselt number, and the generalized Reynolds number. Moreover, for specified parameters, the flow and heat transfer behaviors are discussed in detail.

This study examines the effects of viscous and porous dissipation on entropy generation in the viscoelastic fluid flow induced by a linearly stretching surface. Analysis of mass transfer is also performed. Consideration of rheological characteristics of viscoelastic fluid in the energy conservation law and entropy generation number in terms of viscous dissipation makes a striking difference in the energy equation and entropy generation number for Newtonian and viscoelastic fluid. This important concern which is yet not properly attended is also be examined in the present study. The dimensional governing equations are reduced to a set of self-similar differential equations. The energy and concentration equations are solved exactly by employing the Laplace transform technique. The obtained exact solutions of reduced set of governing equations are utilized to compute the entropy generation number. To analyze the impacts of flow parameter on velocity profile, temperature distribution, concentration profile, and entropy generation number inside the boundary layer, graphs are plotted and discussed physically. The permeability and viscoelastic parameters have strong influence on the entropy generation in the vicinity of stretching surface.