... concentration of unburned fuel components in the exhaust. In addition to a conventional exhaust emissions bench, this characterization requires supplementary instrumentation capable of hydrocarbon speciation and response factor independent quantification. Although required for certification testing, this sort...

... ignition sparks velocity measurement instrumentation diagnostics spark ignition engine velocity anemometry sparks The use of electrical discharges to measure the flow velocity of gases was attempted as early as 1934, when Lindvall reported experiments involving a ‘glow discharge...