Fig. 1 Layout of components for CFR engine experiments More about this image found in Layout of components for CFR engine experiments

Fig. 2 Particle sampling system showing dilution system and instruments used More about this image found in Particle sampling system showing dilution system and instruments used

Fig. 3 Engine performance plots: ( a ) cylinder pressure and ( b )AHRR More about this image found in Engine performance plots: ( a ) cylinder pressure and ( b )AHRR

Fig. 4 Particle size distributions measured by SMPS for different fuel blends and engine motoring conditions More about this image found in Particle size distributions measured by SMPS for different fuel blends and ...

Fig. 1 Conventional OCV system (left) compared to closed CCV (right) system More about this image found in Conventional OCV system (left) compared to closed CCV (right) system

Fig. 2 (Left) Image of the Caterpillar G3516 ULB field engine used for crankcase sampling and (right) image of the METEC mobile FTIR van used for gaseous sampling of the crankcase and engine exhaust stack More about this image found in (Left) Image of the Caterpillar G3516 ULB field engine used for crankcase s...

Fig. 3 Images and paired schematic diagrams of the crankcase (left) and exhaust stack probe systems (right) More about this image found in Images and paired schematic diagrams of the crankcase (left) and exhaust st...

Fig. 4 (Left) Field configuration of the isokinetic probe, cascade impactor, and gravimetric filter cartridges used to measure entrained oil concentration and size distribution. (Top, right) Preparation of the cascade impactor samples for field testing. (Bottom, right) Image of impaction sample fo... More about this image found in (Left) Field configuration of the isokinetic probe, cascade impactor, and g...

Fig. 5 (Left) Image of CG137-8 engine connected to crankcase probe train. (Middle) Image of GMV-4TF engine connected to crankcase probe train. (Right) Image of custom breathers, designed and fabricated internally. More about this image found in (Left) Image of CG137-8 engine connected to crankcase probe train. (Middle)...

Fig. 6 CCG composition as directly measured by the mobile FTIR and in-stream O 2 sensor. Bars are colored based on engine load. Low, med, and high load corresponded to 619 kW, 661 kW (75% load), and 673 kW. Average values are reported by text callouts and individual data points are represented by... More about this image found in CCG composition as directly measured by the mobile FTIR and in-stream O 2 ...

Fig. 7 (Left) Total CH 4 emission rate normalized by power output across engine load. The engine load increases from left to right. The lower region of each bar represent a fraction of CH 4 emissions contributed by exhaust. The top portion of the bars represent the fraction of CH 4 emissions co... More about this image found in (Left) Total CH 4 emission rate normalized by power output across engine l...

Fig. 8 CCG entrained oil size distribution (left) and concentration for tested engine loads (Right). Low, med, and high engine load corresponded to 619 kW, 661 kW (75% load), and 673 kW. Oil droplet size was reported as aerodynamic diameter on a binned, nonlinear axis and normalized by total oil d... More about this image found in CCG entrained oil size distribution (left) and concentration for tested eng...

Fig. 9 CCG composition as directly measured by the in-lab FTIR and five-gas analyzer. Engine load increases from left to right for each set of bars. Average values reported by the text callouts and individual data points are represented by the small black dots. “Low” load corresponded to 50% load ... More about this image found in CCG composition as directly measured by the in-lab FTIR and five-gas analyz...