The inlet fogging of gas turbine engines for power augmentation has seen increasing application over the past decade yet not a single technical paper treating the physics and engineering of the fogging process, droplet size measurement, droplet kinetics, or the duct behavior of droplets, from a gas turbine perspective, is available. This paper provides the results of extensive experimental and theoretical studies conducted over several years coupled with practical aspects learned in the implementation of nearly 500 inlet fogging systems on gas turbines ranging in power from 5 to 250 MW. Part I of the paper covers the underlying theory of droplet thermodynamics and heat transfer, and provides several practical pointers relating to the implementation and application of inlet fogging to gas turbine engines.

Issue Section:
Gas Turbines: Industrial and Cogeneration
Keywords:
gas turbines, heat transfer, engines, size measurement, drops, thermodynamics
Topics:
Drops, Gas turbines, Ducts, Compressors, Temperature
1.
Meher-Homji, C. B., and Mee, T. R., 1999, “Gas Turbine Power Augmentation by Fogging of Inlet Air,” Proceedings of the 28th Turbomachinery Symposium, Houston, TX, Sept.
2.
Meher-Homji, C. B., and Mee, T. R., 2000, “Inlet Fogging of Gas Turbine Engines—Part II: Practical Considerations, Control and O&M Aspects,” ASME Paper No. 2000-GT-0308.
3.
Bhargava, R., and Meher-Homji, C. B., 2002, “Parametric Analysis of Existing Gas Turbines With Inlet Evaporative and Overspray Fogging,” ASME Paper No. 2002-GT-30560.
4.
Kleinschmidt, R. V., 1946, “The Value of Wet Compression in Gas Turbine Cycles,” Annual Meeting of the ASME, Dec. 2–6.
5.
Wilcox, E. C., and Trout, A. M., 1951, “Analysis of Thrust Augmentation of Turbojet Engines by Water Injection at the Compressor Inlet Including Charts for Calculation Compression Processes With Water Injection,” NACA Report No. 1006.
6.
Hill
,
P. G.
,
1963
, “
Aerodynamic and Thermodynamic Effects of Coolant Ingestion on Axial Flow Compressors
,”
Aeronaut. Q., Feb. pp. 333–348.
7.
Arsen’ev
,
L. V.
, and
Berkovich
,
A. L.
,
1996
, “
The Parameters of Gas Turbine Units With Water Injected Into the Compressor
,”
Therm. Eng.
,
43
(
6
), pp.
461
–
465
.
8.
Nolan, J. P., and Twombly, V. J., 1990, “Gas Turbine Performance Improvement Direct Mixing Evaporative Cooling System,” ASME Paper No. 90-GT-368.
9.
Utamura, M., Kuwahara, T., Murata, H., and Horii, N., 1999, “Effects of Intensive Evaporative Cooling on Performance Characteristics of Land-Based Gas Turbine,” Proceedings of the ASME International Joint Power Generation Conference, ASME, New York.
10.
Chaker, M., Meher-Homji, C. B., Mee, T., and Nicolson, A., 2001, “Inlet Fogging of Gas Turbine Engines—Detailed Climatic Analysis of Gas Turbine Evaporative Cooling Potential,” ASME Paper No. 2001-GT-526.
11.
Chaker, M., and Meher-Homji, C. B., 2002, “Inlet Fogging of Gas Turbine Engines—Detailed Climatic Analysis of Gas Turbine Evaporative Cooling Potential for International Locations,” ASME Paper No. 2002-GT-30559.
12.
Chaker, M., 1995, “Etudes de la Desintegration Electrohydrodynamique de Gouttes Fortement Chargees,” doctoral thesis, University of Nice, Sophia Antipolis, France.
13.
Handbook Of Chemistry, 59th Ed., CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.
14.
Ranz, W. E., and Marshall, W. R., 1952, “Evaporation From Drops, Parts I and II,” Chem. Eng. Prog., 48(3).
15.
Pelletret, R. Y., 1984, “Contribution a l’etude des transferts couples de masse et de chaleur entre une gouttelette d’un liquide hydroscopique et l’air. Conceptiond’echangeurs par pulveresation d’un liquide dans un flux d’air,” doctoral thesis, University of Valenciennes, France.
16.
Wexler
,
A.
, and
Greenspan
,
L.
,
1971
, “
Vapor Pressure Equation in the Range 0–100°C
,”
J. Res. Natl. Bur. Stand., Sect. A
,
75A
, p.
213
213
.
17.
Ingistov, S., 2000, “Fog System Performance in Power Augmentation of Heavy Duty Power Generating Gas Turbines GE Frame 7EA,” ASME Paper No. 2000-GT-305.
18.
Meher-Homji, C. B., 1995, “Blading Vibration and Failures in Gas Turbines—Part I: Blading Dynamics and the Operating Environment,” ASME Paper No. 95-GT-418.
19.
Meher-Homji, C.-B., 1995, “Blading Vibration and Failures in Gas Turbines—Part II: Compressor and Turbine Airfoil Distress,” ASME Paper No. 95-GT-419.
20.
Meher-Homji, C.-B., 1995, “Blading Vibration and Failures in Gas Turbines—Part III: Detection and Troubleshooting,” ASME Paper No. 95-GT-420.
21.
Meher-Homji, C.-B., 1995, “Blading Vibration and Failures in Gas Turbines—Part IV: Case Studies,” ASME Paper No. 95-GT-421.
22.
Meher-Homji, C. B., 1990, “Gas Turbine Axial Compressor Fouling—A Unified Treatment of Its Effects, Detection & Control,” Int. J. Turbo. Jet Engines, 9(4).
23.
Meher-Homji, C. B., Chaker, M., and Motiwalla, H., 2001, “Gas Turbine Performance Deterioration,” Proceedings of the 30th Turbomachinery Symposium, Turbomachinery Laboratory, Texas A&M University, Houston, TX, Sept. 17–20.
24.
Chaker, M., Meher-Homji, C. B., and Mee T. R., III, 2002, “Inlet Fogging of Gas Turbine Engines—Part II: Fog Droplet Sizing Analysis, Nozzle Types, Measurement and Testing,” 126, pp. 559–570.
25.
Chaker, M., Meher-Homji, C. B., and Mee T. R., III, 2002, “Inlet Fogging of Gas Turbine Engines—Part III: Fog Behavior in Inlet Ducts, CFD Analysis and Wind Tunnel Experiments,” 126, pp. 571–580.
Copyright © 2004
 by ASME
You do not currently have access to this content.