With today’s high prices for natural gas and oil, the demand for oil and country tubular goods (OCTGs) with superior performance properties is very high. Failures in OCTG can be attributed to numerous sources, for example, makeup torque, corrosion, and galling. Thread galling is the most common mode of failure. This failure often leads to leakage, corrosion of the material, and loss of mechanical integrity. The failure of OCTG eventually amounts to excessive operational costs for the gas and oil industry. Numerous approaches have been taken to improve the galling resistance of OCTG connections. The advocacy of these approaches is often achieved through experimental studies using galling testers. There is a need to design and use effective galling testers to understand and improve the performance of OCTG connections. Thus, the objective of this paper is to present a concise review of literature related to the galling testers that may have applications to OCTG.
Issue Section:
Technical Briefs
1.
Yuan
, G. J.
, Yao
, Z. Q.
, Wang
, Q. H.
, and Tang
, Z. T.
, 2006, “Numerical and Experimental Distribution of Temperature and Stress Fields in API Round Threaded Connection
,” Eng. Failure Anal.
1350-6307, 13
(8
), pp. 1275
–1284
.2.
Rach
, N. M.
, 2005, “New Dry Connections Eliminate Need for Pipe Dope During Drilling
,” Oil & Gas J.
0030-1388, 103
(22
), pp. 45
–49
.3.
Van der Heide
, E.
, Huis’t Veld
, A. J.
, and Schipper
, D. J.
, 2001, “The Effect of Lubricant Selection on Galling in a Model Wear Test
,” Wear
0043-1648, 250
, pp. 973
–979
.4.
American Society for Testing and Materials
, 2002, “Standard Test Method for Galling Resistance of Materials, G98, Annual Book of American Society for Testing and Materials Standards
,” ASTM Technical Report No. 3.02.5.
Waite
, R. A.
, Hummel
, S. R.
, Herr
, A.
, and Dalton
, G.
, 2006, “Analysis of the Stress Field in a Threshold-Galling Test
,” Tribol. Int.
0301-679X, 39
(11
), pp. 1421
–1427
.6.
Hummel
, S. R.
, 2001, “New Test Method and Apparatus for Measuring Galling Resistance
,” Tribol. Int.
0301-679X, 34
(9
), pp. 593
–597
.7.
Xie
, Y.
, and Yao
, M. X.
, 2003, “Measurement of the Threshold Galling Stress of Hardfacing Alloys
,” Wear
0043-1648, 255
, pp. 509
–516
.8.
Izciler
, M.
, and Tabur
, M.
, 2006, “Abrasive Wear Behavior of Different Case Depth Gas Carburized AISI 8620 Gear Steel
,” Wear
0043-1648, 260
(1–2
), pp. 90
–98
.9.
Tsuru
, E.
, Tsukano
, Y.
, Maruyama
, K.
, Sato
, N.
, Okamura
, K.
, Nagayoshi
, H.
, and Oka
, M.
, 2002, “Dope-Free Type Premium Connection for Oil Country Tubular Goods
,” Nippon Steel Technical Report No. 81.10.
Gurumoorthy
, K.
, Kamaraj
, M.
, Rao
, K. P.
, and Venugopal
, S.
, 2007, “Development and Use of Combined Wear Testing Equipment for Evaluating Galling and High Stress Sliding Wear Behaviour
,” Mater. Des.
0264-1275, 28
(3
), pp. 987
–992
.11.
Podgornik
, B.
, Hogmark
, S.
, and Pezdirnik
, J.
, 2004, “Comparison Between Different Test Methods for Evaluation of Galling Properties of Surface Engineered Tool Surfaces
,” Wear
0043-1648, 257
(7-8
), pp. 843
–851
.12.
Hummel
, S. R.
, 2002, “An Application of Frictional Criteria for Determining Galling Thresholds in Line Contact Tests
,” Tribol. Int.
0301-679X, 35
(12
), pp. 801
–807
.13.
Hummel
, S. R.
, and Partlow
, B.
, 2003, “Threshold Galling Load and Frictional Behavior of Stainless Steel Couples in Line Contact
,” Wear
0043-1648, 255
, pp. 504
–508
.14.
Hogmark
, S.
, Jacobson
, S.
, and Wänstrand
, O.
, 1999, “A New Universal Test for Tribological Evaluation
,” 21st IRG-OECD Meeting
, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
.15.
Persson
, D. H. E.
, Jacobson
, S.
, and Hogmark
, S.
, 2003, “The Influence of Phase Transformations and Oxidation on the Galling Resistance and Low Friction Behaviour of a Laser Processed Co-Based Alloy
,” Wear
0043-1648, 254
(11
), pp. 1134
–1140
.16.
Blau
, P. J.
, and Budinski
, K. G.
, 1999, “Development and Use of ASTM Standards for Wear Testing
,” Wear
0043-1648, 229
, pp. 1159
–1170
.17.
Wang
, Z.
, Dohda
, K.
, and Haruyama
, Y.
, 2006, “Effects of Entraining Velocity of Lubricant and Sliding Velocity on Friction Behavior in Stainless Steel Sheet Rolling
,” Wear
0043-1648, 260
(3
), pp. 249
–257
.18.
Carper
, H.
, Ku
, P. M.
, and Anderson
, E. L.
, 1973, “Effect of Some Material and Operating Variables on Scuffing
,” Mech. Mach. Theory
0094-114X, 8
, pp. 209
–225
.19.
Muster
, A.
, and Presz
, W.
, 1999, “Influence of Initial Surface Roughness on Galling Behaviour of a Steel-Steel Couple
,” Scand. J. Metall.
0371-0459, 28
, pp. 5
–8
.20.
Ertas
, A.
, Carper
, H. J.
, and Blackstone
, W. R.
, 1992, “Development of a Test Machine and Method for Galling Studies
,” Exp. Mech.
0014-4851, 32
(4
), pp. 340
–347
.21.
Carper
, H. J.
, Ertas
, A.
, Issa
, J.
, and Cuvalci
, O.
, 1992, “Effect of Some Material, Manufacturing, and Operating Variables on the Friction Coefficient in OCTG Connections
,” ASME J. Tribol.
0742-4787, 114
(4
), pp. 698
–705
.22.
Ertas
, A.
, Carper
, H. J.
, Cuvalci
, O.
, Ekwaro-Osire
, S.
, and Blackstone
, W. R.
, 1992, “Experimental Investigation of Galling Resistance in OCTG Connections
,” ASME J. Eng. Ind.
0022-0817, 114
(1
), pp. 100
–104
.23.
Ertas
, A.
, Culvalci
, O.
, and Carper
, H. J.
, 1999, “Determination of Friction Characteristics of J-55 OCTG Connections Lubricated With Environmentally Safe Thread Compound
,” Tribol. Trans.
1040-2004, 42
(4
), pp. 881
–887
.24.
Cuvalci
, O.
, Sofuoglu
, H.
, and Ertas
, A.
, 2003, “Effect of Surface Coating and Tin Plating on Friction Characteristics of P-110 Tubing for Different Thread Compounds
,” Tribol. Int.
0301-679X, 36
(10
), pp. 757
–764
.Copyright © 2008
by American Society of Mechanical Engineers
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