... of battery cycling performances and considerably boosts the utilization of lithium metal. The relationship of economization, cyclability, and utilization of lithium metal is also discussed. The universality of the results is also verified in different battery systems. Meanwhile, the initial hollows are found...

..., 2014; final manuscript received October 31, 2015; published online December 15, 2015. Assoc. Editor: Umberto Desideri. 18 09 2014 31 10 2015 Fuel cell applications Modeling PEM fuel cells Utilization A fuel cell system is considered to be a very complex system...

..., 8.31 J/molK R u = ideal gas constant (J/(mole K)) T = temperature (°C) U f = fuel utilization V = voltage (V) X = mole fraction of respective specie α = charge transfer coefficient η = electrochemical loss (V) This work was funded...

... directions. Humidity PEM fuel cells Pressure Utilization Historically, standardization started with the advent of industrial revolution to enhance trade relations among companies. The main reason was that the industrialization of Europe and U.S. made it impossible for companies to complete...

... waste heat is utilized in preconditioning of methanol for the fuel cell and in postconditioning of the cell's anode exhaust for the engine. The low activity of methanol oxidation catalysts and methanol crossover are the main drawbacks of direct methanol fuel cells. H 3 PO 4 -doped polybenzimidazole...

...I. Antepara; L. Diaz; M. Rivas; L. Otaegi; N. Gomez; I. Villarreal; A. Laresgoiti The aim of this project was to study whether the oxidation resistance of cells is affected while working under high fuel utilization. A previous study measured the weak oxidation resistance for very porous samples...