Abstract
In this study, four solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) power plants, with natural gas (NG) as the fuel source, that account for long-term degradation were designed and simulated. The four candidate SOFC plants included a standalone SOFC plant, a standalone SOFC plant with a steam bottoming cycle, an SOFC/ (gas turbine) GT hybrid plant, and an SOFC/GT hybrid plant with a steam bottoming cycle. To capture dynamic behaviors caused by long-term SOFC degradation, this study employed a pseudo-stead-state approach that integrated real-time dynamic 1D SOFC models (degradation calculation embedded) with steady-state balance-of-plant models. Model simulations and eco-techno-economic analyses were performed over a 30-year plant lifetime using matlab simulink R2017a, aspen plus V12.1, and python 3.7.4. The results revealed that, while the standalone SOFC plant with a steam bottoming cycle provided the highest overall plant efficiency (65.0% LHV), it also had high SOFC replacement costs due to fast degradation. Instead, the SOFC/GT hybrid plant with a steam bottoming cycle was determined to be the best option, as it had the lowest levelized cost of electricity ($US 35.1/MWh) and the lowest cost of CO2 avoided (−$US100/ton CO2e).
Issue Section:
Research Papers
References
1.
Adams
, II, T. A.
, Nease
, J.
, Tucker
, D.
, and Barton
, P. I.
, 2013
, “Energy Conversion With Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Systems: A Review of Concepts and Outlooks for the Short-and Long-Term
,” Ind. Eng. Chem. Res.
, 52
(9
), pp. 3089
–3111
. 2.
Tucker
, D.
, Abreu-Sepulveda
, M.
, and Harun
, N. F.
, 2014
, “SOFC Lifetime Assessment in Gas Turbine Hybrid Power Systems
,” ASME J. Fuel Cell Sci. Technol.
, 11
(5
), p. 051008
. 3.
Hagen
, A.
, Barfod
, R.
, Hendriksen
, P. V.
, Liu
, Y.-L.
, and Ramousse
, S.
, 2006
, “Degradation of Anode Supported SOFCs as a Function of Temperature and Current Load
,” J. Electrochem. Soc.
, 153
(6
), pp. A1165
–A1171
. 4.
Da Silva
, F. S.
, and de Souza
, T. M.
, 2017
, “Novel Materials for Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Technologies: A Literature Review
,” Int. J. Hydrog. Energy
, 42
(41
), pp. 26020
–26036
. 5.
Tucker
, D.
, VanOsdol
, J.
, Liese
, E.
, Lawson
, L.
, Zitney
, S.
, Gemmen
, R.
, Ford
, J. C.
, and Haynes
, C.
, 2012
, “Evaluation of Methods for Thermal Management in a Coal-Based SOFC Turbine Hybrid Through Numerical Simulation
,” ASME J. Fuel Cell Sci. Technol.
, 9
(4
), p. 041004
. 6.
Lai
, H.
, Harun
, N. F.
, Tucker
, D.
, and Adams
, II, T. A.
, 2021
, “Design and Eco-Technoeconomic Analyses of SOFC/GT Hybrid Systems Accounting for Long-Term Degradation Effects
,” Int. J. Hydrog. Energy
, 46
(7
), pp. 5612
–5629
. 7.
Kandepu
, R.
, Imsland
, L.
, Foss
, B. A.
, Stiller
, C.
, Thorud
, B.
, and Bolland
, O.
, 2007
, “Modeling and Control of a SOFC-GT-Based Autonomous Power System
,” Energy
, 32
(4
), pp. 406
–417
. 8.
Toonssen
, R.
, Sollai
, S.
, Aravind
, P. V.
, Woudstra
, N.
, and Verkooijen
, A. H. M.
, 2011
, “Alternative System Designs of Biomass Gasification SOFC/GT Hybrid Systems
,” Int. J. Hydrog. Energy
, 36
(16
), pp. 10414
–10425
. 9.
Zhang
, B.
, Maloney
, D.
, Farida Harun
, N.
, Zhou
, N.
, Pezzini
, P.
, Medam
, A.
, Hovsapian
, R.
, Bayham
, S.
, and Tucker
, D.
, 2022
, “Rapid Load Transition for Integrated Solid Oxide Fuel Cell—Gas Turbine (SOFC-GT) Energy Systems: A Demonstration of the Potential for Grid Response
,” Energy Convers. Manag.
, 258
, p. 115544
. 10.
Calise
, F.
, Palombo
, A.
, and Vanoli
, L.
, 2006
, “Design and Partial Load Exergy Analysis of Hybrid SOFC–GT Power Plant
,” J. Power Sources
, 158
(1
), pp. 225
–244
. 11.
Akkaya
, A.
, Sahin
, B.
, and Huseyinerdem
, H.
, 2008
, “An Analysis of SOFC/GT CHP System Based on Exergetic Performance Criteria
,” Int. J. Hydrog. Energy
, 33
(10
), pp. 2566
–2577
. 12.
Huang
, S.
, Yang
, C.
, Chen
, H.
, Zhou
, N.
, and Tucker
, D.
, 2022
, “Coupling Impacts of SOFC Operating Temperature and Fuel Utilization on System Net Efficiency in Natural Gas Hybrid SOFC/GT System
,” Case Stud. Therm. Eng.
, 31
, p. 101868
. .13.
Behzadi
, A.
, Habibollahzade
, A.
, Zare
, V.
, and Ashjaee
, M.
, 2019
, “Multi-objective Optimization of a Hybrid Biomass-Based SOFC/GT/Double Effect Absorption Chiller/RO Desalination System With CO2 Recycle
,” Energy Convers. Manag.
, 181
, pp. 302
–318
. 14.
Calise
, F.
, d’Accadia
, M. D.
, Vanoli
, L.
, and Von Spakovsky
, M. R.
, 2006
, “Single-Level Optimization of a Hybrid SOFC–GT Power Plant
,” J. Power Sources
, 159
(2
), pp. 1169
–1185
. 15.
Calise
, F.
, d’Accadia
, M. D.
, Vanoli
, L.
, and von Spakovsky
, M. R.
, 2007
, “Full Load Synthesis/Design Optimization of a Hybrid SOFC–GT Power Plant
,” Energy
, 32
(4
), pp. 446
–458
. 16.
Fredriksson Möller
, B.
, Arriagada
, J.
, Assadi
, M.
, and Potts
, I.
, 2004
, “Optimisation of an SOFC/GT System With CO2-Capture
,” J. Power Sources
, 131
(1
), pp. 320
–326
. 17.
Karimi
, M. H.
, Chitgar
, N.
, Emadi
, M. A.
, Ahmadi
, P.
, and Rosen
, M. A.
, 2020
, “Performance Assessment and Optimization of a Biomass-Based Solid Oxide Fuel Cell and Micro Gas Turbine System Integrated With an Organic Rankine Cycle
,” Int. J. Hydrog. Energy
, 45
(11
), pp. 6262
–6277
. 18.
Chitgar
, N.
, and Emadi
, M. A.
, 2021
, “Development and Exergoeconomic Evaluation of a SOFC-GT Driven Multi-Generation System to Supply Residential Demands: Electricity, Fresh Water and Hydrogen
,” Int. J. Hydrog. Energy
, 46
(34
), pp. 17932
–17954
. 19.
Kumar
, P.
, and Singh
, O.
, 2019
, “Thermoeconomic Analysis of SOFC-GT-VARS-ORC Combined Power and Cooling System
,” Int. J. Hydrog. Energy
, 44
(50
), pp. 27575
–27586
. 20.
Santin
, M.
, Traverso
, A.
, Magistri
, L.
, and Massardo
, A.
, 2010
, “Thermoeconomic Analysis of SOFC-GT Hybrid Systems Fed by Liquid Fuels
,” Energy
, 35
(2
), pp. 1077
–1083
. 21.
Vojdani
, M.
, Fakhari
, I.
, and Ahmadi
, P.
, 2021
, “A Novel Triple Pressure HRSG Integrated With MED/SOFC/GT for Cogeneration of Electricity and Freshwater: Techno-Economic-Environmental Assessment, and Multi-objective Optimization
,” Energy Convers. Manag.
, 233
, p. 113876
. 22.
Parhizkar
, T.
, and Roshandel
, R.
, 2017
, “Long Term Performance Degradation Analysis and Optimization of Anode Supported Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Stacks
,” Energy Convers. Manag.
, 133
, pp. 20
–30
. 23.
Nakajo
, A.
, Mueller
, F.
, Brouwer
, J.
, Van herle
, J.
, and Favrat
, D.
, 2012
, “Progressive Activation of Degradation Processes in Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Stacks: Part II: Spatial Distribution of the Degradation
,” J. Power Sources
, 216
, pp. 434
–448
. 24.
Gao
, S.
, Li
, J.
, and Lin
, Z.
, 2014
, “Theoretical Model for Surface Diffusion Driven Ni-Particle Agglomeration in Anode of Solid Oxide Fuel Cell
,” J. Power Sources
, 255
, pp. 144
–150
. 25.
Neidhardt
, J. P.
, Fronczek
, D. N.
, Jahnke
, T.
, Danner
, T.
, Horstmann
, B.
, and Bessler
, W. G.
, 2012
, “A Flexible Framework for Modeling Multiple Solid, Liquid and Gaseous Phases in Batteries and Fuel Cells
,” J. Electrochem. Soc.
, 159
(9
), pp. A1528
–A1542
. 26.
Ryan
, E. M.
, Xu
, W.
, Sun
, X.
, and Khaleel
, M. A.
, 2012
, “A Damage Model for Degradation in the Electrodes of Solid Oxide Fuel Cells: Modeling the Effects of Sulfur and Antimony in the Anode
,” J. Power Sources
, 210
, pp. 233
–242
. 27.
Hansen
, J. B.
, 2008
, “Correlating Sulfur Poisoning of SOFC Nickel Anodes by a Temkin Isotherm
,” Electrochem. Solid State Lett.
, 11
(10
), p. B178
. 28.
Cayan
, F. N.
, Pakalapati
, S. R.
, Celik
, I.
, Xu
, C.
, and Zondlo
, J.
, 2012
, “A Degradation Model for Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Anodes Due to Impurities in Coal Syngas: Part I Theory and Validation
,” Fuel Cells
, 12
(3
), pp. 464
–473
. 29.
Divisek
, J.
, Wilkenhöner
, R.
, and Volfkovich
, Y.
, 1999
, “Structure Investigations of SOFC Anode Cermets Part I: Porosity Investigations
,” J. Appl. Electrochem.
, 29
(2
), pp. 153
–163
. 30.
Hardjo
, E.
, Monder
, D. S.
, and Karan
, K.
, 2011
, “Numerical Modeling of Nickel-Impregnated Porous YSZ-Supported Anodes and Comparison to Conventional Composite Ni-YSZ Electrodes
,” ECS Trans.
, 35
(1
), pp. 1823
–1832
. 31.
Gazzarri
, J. I.
, and Kesler
, O.
, 2008
, “Short-Stack Modeling of Degradation in Solid Oxide Fuel Cells: Part I. Contact Degradation
,” J. Power Sources
, 176
(1
), pp. 138
–154
. 32.
Yang
, Z.
, Guo
, M.
, Wang
, N.
, Ma
, C.
, Wang
, J.
, and Han
, M.
, 2017
, “A Short Review of Cathode Poisoning and Corrosion in Solid Oxide Fuel Cell
,” Int. J. Hydrog. Energy
, 42
(39
), pp. 24948
–24959
. 33.
Virkar
, A. V.
, 2007
, “A Model for Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC) Stack Degradation
,” J. Power Sources
, 172
(2
), pp. 713
–724
. 34.
Coors
, W. G.
, O’Brien
, J. R.
, and White
, J. T.
, 2009
, “Conductivity Degradation of NiO-Containing 8YSZ and 10YSZ Electrolyte During Reduction
,” Solid State Ion.
, 180
(2–3
), pp. 246
–251
. 35.
Larrain
, D.
, Van herle
, J.
, and Favrat
, D.
, 2006
, “Simulation of SOFC Stack and Repeat Elements Including Interconnect Degradation and Anode Reoxidation Risk
,” J. Power Sources
, 161
(1
), pp. 392
–403
. 36.
Naeini
, M.
, Lai
, H.
, Cotton
, J. S.
, and Adams
, II, T. A.
, 2021
, “A Mathematical Model for Prediction of Long-Term Degradation Effects in Solid Oxide Fuel Cells
,” Ind. Eng. Chem. Res.
, 60
(3
), pp. 1326
–1340
. 37.
Abreu-Sepulveda
, M. A.
, Harun
, N. F.
, Hackett
, G.
, Hagen
, A.
, and Tucker
, D.
, 2015
, “Accelerated Degradation for Hardware in the Loop Simulation of Fuel Cell-Gas Turbine Hybrid System
,” ASME J. Fuel Cell Sci. Technol.
, 12
(2
), p. 021001
. 38.
Zaccaria
, V.
, Tucker
, D.
, and Traverso
, A.
, 2016
, “A Distributed Real-Time Model of Degradation in a Solid Oxide Fuel Cell, Part I: Model Characterization
,” J. Power Sources
, 311
, pp. 175
–181
. 39.
Wang
, Z.
, Chen
, H.
, Xia
, R.
, Han
, F.
, Ji
, Y.
, and Cai
, W.
, 2022
, “Energy, Exergy and Economy (3E) Investigation of a SOFC-GT-ORC Waste Heat Recovery System for Green Power Ships
,” Therm. Sci. Eng. Prog.
, 32
, p. 101342
. 40.
Rosner
, F.
, Rao
, A.
, and Samuelsen
, S.
, 2020
, “Economics of Cell Design and Thermal Management in Solid Oxide Fuel Cells Under SOFC-GT Hybrid Operating Conditions
,” Energy Convers. Manag.
, 220
, p. 112952
. 41.
Li
, Z.
, Zhang
, X.
, He
, X.
, Wu
, G.
, Tian
, S.
, Zhang
, D.
, Zhang
, Q.
, and Liu
, Y.
, 2022
, “Comparative Analysis of Thermal Economy of Two SOFC-GT-ST Triple Hybrid Power Systems With Carbon Capture and LNG Cold Energy Utilization
,” Energy Convers. Manag.
, 256
, p. 115385
. 42.
Eisavi
, B.
, Chitsaz
, A.
, Hosseinpour
, J.
, and Ranjbar
, F.
, 2018
, “Thermo-Environmental and Economic Comparison of Three Different Arrangements of Solid Oxide Fuel Cell-Gas Turbine (SOFC-GT) Hybrid Systems
,” Energy Convers. Manag.
, 168
, pp. 343
–356
. 43.
Peng
, W.
, Chen
, H.
, Liu
, J.
, Zhao
, X.
, and Xu
, G.
, 2021
, “Techno-Economic Assessment of a Conceptual Waste-to-Energy CHP System Combining Plasma Gasification, SOFC, Gas Turbine and Supercritical CO2 Cycle
,” Energy Convers. Manag.
, 245
, p. 114622
. 44.
James
, III, R. E.
, Kearins
, D.
, Turner
, M.
, Woods
, M.
, Kuehn
, N.
, and Zoelle
, A.
, 2019
, Cost and Performance Baseline for Fossil Energy Plants Volume 1: Bituminous Coal and Natural Gas to Electricity, NETL-PUB-22638, NETL
.45.
Zaccaria
, V.
, Tucker
, D.
, and Traverso
, A.
, 2016
, “A Distributed Real-Time Model of Degradation in a Solid Oxide Fuel Cell, Part II: Analysis of Fuel Cell Performance and Potential Failures
,” J. Power Sources
, 327
, pp. 736
–742
. 46.
Zaccaria
, V.
, Traverso
, A.
, and Tucker
, D.
, 2015
, “A Real-Time Degradation Model for Hardware in the Loop Simulation of Fuel Cell Gas Turbine Hybrid Systems
,” ASME Turbo Expo 2015: Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition
, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
, June 15–19
, Vol. 56673, p. V003T06A022.47.
Rossi
, I.
, Zaccaria
, V.
, and Traverso
, A.
, 2018
, “Advanced Control for Clusters of SOFC/Gas Turbine Hybrid Systems
,” ASME J. Eng. Gas Turbines Power
, 140
, p. 051703
.48.
Nease
, J.
, and Adams
, II, T. A.
, 2013
, “Systems for Peaking Power With 100% CO2 Capture by Integration of Solid Oxide Fuel Cells With Compressed Air Energy Storage
,” J. Power Sources
, 228
, pp. 281
–293
. 49.
Adams
, II, T. A.
, and Barton
, P. I.
, 2010
, “High-Efficiency Power Production From Coal With Carbon Capture
,” AIChE J.
, 56
(12
), pp. 3120
–3136
. 50.
Adams
, II, T. A.
, Hoseinzade
, L.
, Madabhushi
, P. B.
, and Okeke
, I. J.
, 2017
, “Comparison of CO2 Capture Approaches for Fossil-Based Power Generation: Review and Meta-Study
,” Processes
, 5
(3
), p. 44
. 51.
“
SGT6-9000HL (405 MW) Heavy-Duty Gas Turbine
,” Siemenscom Glob. Available: https://new.siemens.com/global/en/products/energy/power-generation/gas-turbines/sgt6-9000hl.html, Accessed February 23, 2020.52.
“
Siemens SGT5-2000/3000/4000 Series | PowerWeb
.” Available: http://www.fi-powerweb.com/Engine/Industrial/Siemens-SGT5-2000-3000-4000.html, Accessed February 23, 2020.53.
Rath
, L. K.
, Chou
, V. H.
, and Kuehn
, N. J.
, 2011
, Assessment of Hydrogen Production With CO2 Capture Volume 1: Baseline State-of-the-Art Plants (Final Report), DOE/NETL-2011/1434-Rev.01, National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL), Pittsburgh, PA, Morgantown, WV, and Albany, OR; Booz Allen Hamilton, Inc., McLean, VA
.54.
“
U.S. Natural Gas Electric Power Price (Dollars Per Thousand Cubic Feet)
.” Available: https://www.eia.gov/dnav/ng/hist/n3045us3m.htm. Accessed July 19, 2022.55.
U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics
, 1952
, “Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers: Utility (Piped) Gas Service in U.S. City Average
,” FRED Fed. Reserve Bank St. Louis. Available: https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/CUSR0000SEHF02, Accessed July 19, 2022.56.
Canada
, E.
, and C
, C.
, 2021
, “Update to the Pan-Canadian Approach to Carbon Pollution Pricing 2023-2030
.” Available: https://www.canada.ca/en/environment-climate-change/services/climate-change/pricing-pollution-how-it-will-work/carbon-pollution-pricing-federal-benchmark-information/federal-benchmark-2023-2030.html, Accessed July 26, 2022.Copyright © 2023 by ASME
You do not currently have access to this content.
