https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0045-5940
Abstract
Repeated head loading in sports is associated with negative long-term brain health, and there is growing evidence of short-term neurophysiological changes after repeated soccer heading. The objective of this study was to quantify the head kinematics and effects of repetitive soccer headers in adolescents using an instrumented mouthguard. Adolescent soccer players aged 13–18 years were randomly assigned to a kicking control, frontal heading, or oblique heading group. Participants completed neurophysiological assessments at three-time points: immediately prior to, immediately after, and approximately 24 h after completing 10 headers or kicks. The suite of assessments included the Post-Concussion Symptom Inventory, visio-vestibular exam, King-Devick test, modified Clinical Test of Sensory Interaction and Balance with force plate sway measurement, pupillary light reflex, and visual evoked potential. Data were collected for 19 participants (17 male). Frontal headers resulted in significantly higher peak resultant linear acceleration (17.4 ± 0.5 g) compared to oblique headers (12.1 ± 0.4 g, p < 0.001), and oblique headers resulted in significantly higher peak resultant angular acceleration (frontal: 1147 ± 45 rad/s2, oblique: 1410 ± 65 rad/s2, p < 0.001). There were no neurophysiological deficits for either heading group or significant differences from controls at either post-heading timepoint, and therefore, a bout of repeated headers did not result in changes in the neurophysiological measures evaluated in this study. The current study provided data regarding the direction of headers with the goal to reduce the risk of repetitive head loading for adolescent athletes.
Issue Section:
Research Papers
References
1.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
, 2007
, “
Nonfatal Traumatic Brain Injuries From Sports and Recreation Activities–United States, 2001–2005
,” Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep.
,
56
(29
), pp. 733
–737
.https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17657206/2.
McIntosh
,
A. S.
,
Patton
,
D. A.
,
Fréchède
,
B.
,
Pierré
,
P. A.
,
Ferry
,
E.
, and
Barthels
,
T.
, 2014
, “
The Biomechanics of Concussion in Unhelmeted Football Players in Australia: A Case-Control Study
,” BMJ Open
,
4
(5
), p. e005078
.10.1136/bmjopen-2014-0050783.
Meaney
,
D. F.
, and
Smith
,
D. H.
, 2011
, “
Biomechanics of Concussion
,” Clin. Sports Med.
,
30
(1
), pp. 19
–31
.10.1016/j.csm.2010.08.0094.
Stemper
,
B. D.
, and
Pintar
,
F. A.
, 2014
, “
Biomechanics of Concussion
,” Prog. Neurol. Surg.
,
28
, pp. 14
–27
.10.1159/0003587485.
Mackay
,
D. F.
,
Russell
,
E. R.
,
Stewart
,
K.
,
MacLean
,
J. A.
,
Pell
,
J. P.
, and
Stewart
,
W.
, 2019
, “
Neurodegenerative Disease Mortality Among Former Professional Soccer Players
,” N. Engl. J. Med
,
381
(19
), pp. 1801
–1808
.10.1056/NEJMoa19084836.
McKee
,
A. C.
,
Alosco
,
M. L.
, and
Huber
,
B. R.
, 2016
, “
Repetitive Head Impacts and Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy
,” Neurosurg. Clin. N. Am.
,
27
(4
), pp. 529
–535
.10.1016/j.nec.2016.05.0097.
Russell
,
E. R.
,
Mackay
,
D. F.
,
Lyall
,
D.
,
Stewart
,
K.
,
MacLean
,
J. A.
,
Robson
,
J.
,
Pell
,
J. P.
, and
Stewart
,
W.
, 2022
, “
Neurodegenerative Disease Risk Among Former International Rugby Union Players
,” J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry
,
98
(1 Suppl 1
), p. jnnp-2022-329675
.10.1136/jnnp-2022-3296758.
Mainwaring
,
L.
,
Ferdinand Pennock
,
K. M.
,
Mylabathula
,
S.
, and
Alavie
,
B. Z.
, 2018
, “
Subconcussive Head Impacts in Sport: A Systematic Review of the Evidence
,” Int. J. Psychophysiol.
,
132
(Pt A
), pp. 39
–54
.10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2018.01.0079.
O'Keeffe
,
E.
,
Kelly
,
E.
,
Liu
,
Y.
,
Giordano
,
C.
,
Wallace
,
E.
,
Hynes
,
M.
,
Tiernan
,
S.
, et al., 2020
, “
Dynamic Blood-Brain Barrier Regulation in Mild Traumatic Brain Injury
,” J. Neurotrauma
,
37
(2
), pp. 347
–356
.10.1089/neu.2019.648310.
Nowak
,
M. K.
,
Bevilacqua
,
Z. W.
,
Ejima
,
K.
,
Huibregtse
,
M. E.
,
Chen
,
Z.
,
Mickleborough
,
T. D.
,
Newman
,
S. D.
, and
Kawata
,
K.
, 2020
, “
Neuro-Ophthalmologic Response to Repetitive Subconcussive Head Impacts: A Randomized Clinical Trial
,” JAMA Ophthalmol.
,
138
(4
), pp. 350
–357
.10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2019.612811.
Lau
,
B. C.
,
Kontos
,
A. P.
,
Collins
,
M. W.
,
Mucha
,
A.
, and
Lovell
,
M. R.
, 2011
, “
Which on-Field Signs/Symptoms Predict Protracted Recovery From Sport-Related Concussion Among High School Football Players?
,” Am. J. Sports Med.
,
39
(11
), pp. 2311
–2318
.10.1177/036354651141065512.
Zemek
,
R.
,
Barrowman
,
N.
,
Freedman
,
S. B.
,
Gravel
,
J.
,
Gagnon
,
I.
,
McGahern
,
C.
,
Aglipay
,
M.
, et al., 2016
, “
Clinical Risk Score for Persistent Postconcussion Symptomsamong Children With Acute Concussion in the ED
,” JAMA
,
315
(10
), pp. 1014
–1025
.10.1001/jama.2016.120313.
Snowden
,
T.
,
Reid
,
H.
,
Kennedy
,
S.
,
Kenny
,
R.
,
McQuarrie
,
A.
,
Stuart-Hill
,
L.
,
Garcia-Barrera
,
M. A.
,
Gawryluk
,
J.
, and
Christie
,
B. R.
, 2021
, “
Heading in the Right Direction: A Critical Review of Studies Examining the Effects of Heading in Soccer Players
,” J. Neurotrauma
,
38
(2
), pp. 169
–188
.10.1089/neu.2020.713014.
McCrory
,
P.
,
Meeuwisse
,
W.
,
Dvorak
,
J.
,
Aubry
,
M.
,
Bailes
,
J.
,
Broglio
,
S.
,
Cantu
,
R. C.
, et al., 2017
, “
Consensus Statement on Concussion in Sport—The 5th International Conference on Concussion in Sport Held in Berlin, October 2016
,” Br. J. Sports Med.
,
51
(11
), p. bjsports-2017-097699
.10.1136/bjsports-2017-09769915.
Feddermann-Demont
,
N.
,
Echemendia
,
R. J.
,
Schneider
,
K. J.
,
Solomon
,
G. S.
,
Hayden
,
K. A.
,
Turner
,
M.
,
Dvořák
,
J.
,
Straumann
,
D.
, and
Tarnutzer
,
A. A.
, 2017
, “
What Domains of Clinical Function Should Be Assessed After Sport-Related Concussion? A Systematic Review
,” Br. J. Sports Med.
,
51
(11
), pp. 903
–918
.10.1136/bjsports-2016-09740316.
Galetta
,
K. M.
,
Morganroth
,
J.
,
Moehringer
,
N.
,
Mueller
,
B.
,
Hasanaj
,
L.
,
Webb
,
N.
,
Civitano
,
C.
,
Cardone
,
D. A.
,
Silverio
,
A.
,
Galetta
,
S. L.
, and
Balcer
,
L. J.
, 2015
, “
Adding Vision to Concussion Testing: A Prospective Study of Sideline Testing in Youth and Collegiate Athletes
,” J. Neuro-Ophthalmol.
,
35
(3
), pp. 235
–241
.10.1097/WNO.000000000000022617.
Master
,
C. L.
,
Podolak
,
O. E.
,
Ciuffreda
,
K. J.
,
Metzger
,
K. B.
,
Joshi
,
N. R.
,
McDonald
,
C. C.
,
Margulies
,
S. S.
,
Grady
,
M. F.
, and
Arbogast
,
K. B.
, 2020
, “
Utility of Pupillary Light Reflex Metrics as a Physiologic Biomarker for Adolescent Sport-Related Concussion
,” JAMA Ophthalmol.
,
138
(11
), pp. 1135
–1141
.10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2020.346618.
Fimreite
,
V.
,
Ciuffreda
,
K. J.
, and
Yadav
,
N. K.
, 2015
, “
Effect of Luminance on the Visually-Evoked Potential in Visually-Normal Individuals and in MTBI/Concussion
,” Brain Inj.
,
29
(10
), pp. 1199
–1210
.10.3109/02699052.2015.103532919.
Corwin
,
D. J.
,
McDonald
,
C. C.
,
Arbogast
,
K. B.
,
Mohammed
,
F. N.
,
Metzger
,
K. B.
,
Pfeiffer
,
M. R.
,
Patton
,
D. A.
,
Huber
,
C. M.
,
Margulies
,
S. S.
,
Grady
,
M. F.
, and
Master
,
C. L.
, 2020
, “
Clinical and Device-Based Metrics of Gait and Balance in Diagnosing Youth Concussion
,” Med. Sci. Sports Exerc.
,
52
(3
), pp. 542
–548
.10.1249/MSS.000000000000216320.
Ashton
,
J.
,
Coyles
,
G.
,
Malone
,
J. J.
, and
Roberts
,
J. W.
, 2021
, “
Immediate Effects of an Acute Bout of Repeated Soccer Heading on Cognitive Performance
,” Sci. Med. Footb.
,
5
(3
), pp. 181
–187
.10.1080/24733938.2020.184676921.
Nevins
,
D.
,
Hildenbrand
,
K.
,
Vasavada
,
A.
,
Kensrud
,
J.
, and
Smith
,
L.
, 2019
, “
In-Game Head Impact Exposure of Male and Female High School Soccer Players
,” Athl. Train. Sport. Heal. Care
,
11
(4
), pp. 174
–182
.10.3928/19425864-20180802-0222.
Miller
,
L. E.
,
Pinkerton
,
E. K.
,
Fabian
,
K. C.
,
Wu
,
L. C.
,
Espeland
,
M. A.
,
Lamond
,
L. C.
,
Miles
,
C. M.
,
Camarillo
,
D. B.
,
Stitzel
,
J. D.
, and
Urban
,
J. E.
, 2020
, “
Characterizing Head Impact Exposure in Youth Female Soccer With a Custom-Instrumented Mouthpiece
,” Res. Sport. Med.
,
28
(1
), pp. 55
–71
.10.1080/15438627.2019.159083323.
Huber
,
C. M.
,
Patton
,
D. A.
,
Jain
,
D.
,
Master
,
C. L.
,
Margulies
,
S. S.
,
McDonald
,
C. C.
, and
Arbogast
,
K. B.
, 2021
, “
Variations in Head Impact Rates in Male and Female High School Soccer
,” Med. Sci. Sport. Exerc.
,
53
(6
), pp. 1245
–1251
.10.1249/MSS.000000000000256724.
U.S. Youth Soccer
, 2016
, US Youth Soccer Policy on Players and Playing Rules
, U.S. Youth Soccer.25.
Janda
,
D. H.
,
Bir
,
C. A.
, and
Cheney
,
A. L.
, 2002
, “
An Evaluation of the Cumulative Concussive Effect of Soccer Heading in the Youth Population
,” Inj. Control Saf. Promot.
,
9
(1
), pp. 25
–31
.10.1076/icsp.9.1.25.332426.
Rieder
,
C.
, and
Jansen
,
P.
, 2011
, “
No Neuropsychological Consequence in Male and Female Soccer Players After a Short Heading Training
,” Arch. Clin. Neuropsychol.
,
26
(7
), pp. 583
–591
.10.1093/arclin/acr05527.
Schmitt
,
D. M.
,
Hertel
,
J.
,
Evans
,
T. A.
,
Olmsted
,
L. C.
, and
Putukian
,
M.
, 2004
, “
Effect of an Acute Bout of Soccer Heading on Postural Control and Self-Reported Concussion Symptoms
,” Int. J. Sports Med.
,
25
(5
), pp. 326
–331
.10.1055/s-2004-81994128.
Wallace
,
C.
,
Smirl
,
J. D.
,
Zetterberg
,
H.
,
Blennow
,
K.
,
Bryk
,
K.
,
Burma
,
J.
,
Dierijck
,
J.
,
Wright
,
A. D.
, and
Van Donkelaar
,
P.
, 2018
, “
Heading in Soccer Increases Serum Neurofilament Light Protein and SCAT3 Symptom Metrics
,” BMJ Open Sport Exerc. Med.
,
4
(1
), pp. 3
–7
.10.1136/bmjsem-2018-00043329.
Smirl
,
J. D.
,
Peacock
,
D.
,
Burma
,
J. S.
,
Wright
,
A. D.
,
Bouliane
,
K. J.
,
Dierijck
,
J.
,
Kennefick
,
M.
,
Wallace
,
C.
, and
van Donkelaar
,
P.
, 2022
, “
An Acute Bout of Controlled Subconcussive Impacts Can Alter Dynamic Cerebral Autoregulation Indices: A Preliminary Investigation
,” Eur. J. Appl. Physiol.
,
122
(4
), pp. 1059
–1070
.10.1007/s00421-022-04908-430.
Kaminski
,
T. W.
,
Thompson
,
A.
,
Wahlquist
,
V. E.
, and
Glutting
,
J.
, 2020
, “
Self-Reported Head Injury Symptoms Exacerbated in Those With Previous Concussions Following an Acute Bout of Purposeful Soccer Heading
,” Res. Sport. Med.
,
28
(2
), pp. 217
–230
.10.1080/15438627.2019.163513031.
Putukian
,
M.
,
Echemendia
,
R. J.
, and
Mackin
,
S.
, 2000
, “
The Acute Neuropsychological Effects of Heading in Soccer: A Pilot Study
,” Clin. J. Sport Med.
,
10
(2
), pp. 104
–109
.10.1097/00042752-200004000-0000432.
Kenny
,
R. A.
,
Mayo
,
C. D.
,
Kennedy
,
S.
,
Varga
,
A. A.
,
Stuart-Hill
,
L.
,
Garcia-Barrera
,
M. A.
,
McQuarrie
,
A.
,
Christie
,
B. R.
, and
Gawryluk
,
J. R.
, 2019
, “
A Pilot Study of Diffusion Tensor Imaging Metrics and Cognitive Performance Pre and Post Repetitive, Intentional Sub-Concussive Heading in Soccer Practice
,” J. Concussion
,
3
, p. 205970021988550
.10.1177/205970021988550333.
Gutierrez
,
G. M.
,
Conte
,
C.
, and
Lightbourne
,
K.
, 2014
, “
The Relationship Between Impact Force, Neck Strength, and Neurocognitive Performance in Soccer Heading in Adolescent Females
,” Pediatr. Exerc. Sci.
,
26
(1
), pp. 33
–40
.10.1123/pes.2013-010234.
Broglio
,
S. P.
,
Guskiewicz
,
K. M.
,
Sell
,
T. C.
, and
Lephart
,
S. M.
, 2004
, “
No Acute Charges in Postural Control After Soccer Heading
,” Br. J. Sports Med.
,
38
(5
), pp. 561
–567
.10.1136/bjsm.2003.00488735.
Caccese
,
J. B.
,
Buckley
,
T. A.
,
Tierney
,
R. T.
,
Rose
,
W. C.
,
Glutting
,
J. J.
, and
Kaminski
,
T. W.
, 2021
, “
Postural Control Deficits After Repetitive Soccer Heading
,” Clin. J. Sport Med.
,
31
(3
), pp. 266
–272
.10.1097/JSM.000000000000070936.
Di Virgilio
,
T. G.
,
Hunter
,
A.
,
Wilson
,
L.
,
Stewart
,
W.
,
Goodall
,
S.
,
Howatson
,
G.
,
Donaldson
,
D. I.
, and
Ietswaart
,
M.
, 2016
, “
Evidence for Acute Electrophysiological and Cognitive Changes Following Routine Soccer Heading
,” EBioMedicine
,
13
, pp. 66
–71
.10.1016/j.ebiom.2016.10.02937.
Mangus
,
B. C.
,
Wallmann
,
H. W.
, and
Ledford
,
M.
, 2004
, “
Analysis of Postural Stability in Collegiate Soccer Players Before and After an Acute Bout of Heading Multiple Soccer Balls
,” Sport. Biomech.
,
3
(2
), pp. 209
–220
.10.1080/1476314040852284138.
Haran
,
F. J.
,
Tierney
,
R.
,
Wright
,
W. G.
,
Keshner
,
E.
, and
Silter
,
M.
, 2012
, “
Acute Changes in Postural Control After Soccer Heading
,” Int. J. Sports Med.
,
34
(4
), pp. 350
–354
.10.1055/s-0032-130464739.
Hwang
,
S.
,
Ma
,
L.
,
Kawata
,
K.
,
Tierney
,
R.
, and
Jeka
,
J. J.
, 2017
, “
Vestibular Dysfunction After Subconcussive Head Impact
,” J. Neurotrauma
,
34
(1
), pp. 8
–15
.10.1089/neu.2015.423840.
Kawata
,
K.
,
Tierney
,
R.
,
Phillips
,
J.
, and
Jeka
,
J. J.
, 2016
, “
Effect of Repetitive Sub-Concussive Head Impacts on Ocular Near Point of Convergence
,” Int. J. Sports Med.
,
37
(05
), pp. 405
–410
.10.1055/s-0035-156929041.
Caccese
,
J. B.
, and
Kaminski
,
T. W.
, 2016
, “
Minimizing Head Acceleration in Soccer: A Review of the Literature
,” Sport. Med.
,
46
(11
), pp. 1591
–1604
.10.1007/s40279-016-0544-742.
Harriss
,
A.
,
Johnson
,
A. M.
,
Walton
,
D. M.
, and
Dickey
,
J. P.
, 2019
, “
Head Impact Magnitudes That Occur From Purposeful Soccer Heading Depend on the Game Scenario and Head Impact Location
,” Musculoskelet. Sci. Pract.
,
40
, pp. 53
–57
.10.1016/j.msksp.2019.01.00943.
Caccese
,
J. B.
,
Buckley
,
T. A.
,
Tierney
,
R. T.
,
Arbogast
,
K. B.
,
Rose
,
W. C.
,
Glutting
,
J. J.
, and
Kaminski
,
T. W.
, 2017
, “
Head and Neck Size and Neck Strength Predict Linear and Rotational Acceleration During Purposeful Soccer Heading
,” Sport. Biomech.
,
17
(4
), pp. 1
–15
.10.1080/14763141.2017.136038544.
Caccese
,
J. B.
,
Buckley
,
T. A.
,
Tierney
,
R. T.
,
Rose
,
W. C.
,
Glutting
,
J. J.
, and
Kaminski
,
T. W.
, 2018
, “
Sex and Age Differences in Head Acceleration During Purposeful Soccer Heading
,” Res. Sport. Med.
,
26
(1
), pp. 64
–74
.10.1080/15438627.2017.139375645.
Bevilacqua
,
Z. W.
,
Huibregtse
,
M. E.
, and
Kawata
,
K.
, 2019
, “
In Vivo Protocol of Controlled Subconcussive Head Impacts for the Validation of Field Study Data
,” J. Vis. Exp.
,
2019
(146
), pp. 1
–6
.10.3791/5938146.
Bretzin
,
A. C.
,
Mansell
,
J. L.
,
Tierney
,
R. T.
, and
McDevitt
,
J. K.
, 2017
, “
Sex Differences in Anthropometrics and Heading Kinematics Among Division I Soccer Athletes: A Pilot Study
,” Sports Health
,
9
(2
), pp. 168
–173
.10.1177/194173811667861547.
Van Den Tillaar
,
R.
, and
Marques
,
M. C.
, 2009
, “
Effect of Two Different Training Programs With the Same Workload on Soccer Overhead Throwing Velocity
,” Int. J. Sports Physiol. Perform.
,
4
(4
), pp. 474
–484
.10.1123/ijspp.4.4.47448.
Prevent Biometrics
, 2020
, Impact Monitor Mouthgaurd: Gen 1.3 Instructions for Use
, Prevent Biometrics, Edina, MN.49.
Bartsch
,
A. J.
,
Samorezov
,
S.
,
Benzel
,
E.
,
Miele
,
V.
, and
Brett
,
D.
, 2014
, “
Validation of an ‘Intelligent Mouthguard’ Single Event Head Impact Dosimeter
,” Stapp. Car Crash J.
, 58, pp. 1
–27
.10.4271/2014-22-000150.
Liu
,
Y.
,
Domel
,
A. G.
,
Yousefsani
,
S. A.
,
Kondic
,
J.
,
Grant
,
G.
,
Zeineh
,
M.
, and
Camarillo
,
D. B.
, 2020
, “
Validation and Comparison of Instrumented Mouthguards for Measuring Head Kinematics and Assessing Brain Deformation in Football Impacts
,” Ann. Biomed. Eng.
,
48
(11
), pp. 2580
–2598
.10.1007/s10439-020-02629-351.
Jones
,
B.
,
Tooby
,
J.
,
Weaving
,
D.
,
Till
,
K.
,
Owen
,
C.
,
Begonia
,
M.
,
Stokes
,
K. A.
,
Rowson
,
S.
,
Phillips
,
G.
,
Hendricks
,
S.
,
Falvey
,
É. C.
,
Al-Dawoud
,
M.
, and
Tierney
,
G.
, 2022
, “
Ready for Impact? A Validity and Feasibility Study of Instrumented Mouthguards (IMGs)
,” Br. J. Sports Med.
,
56
(20
), pp. 1171
–1179
.10.1136/bjsports-2022-10552352.
Bartsch
,
A. J.
,
Benzel
,
E. C.
,
Samorezov
,
S.
, and
Miele
,
V. J.
, 2020
, “
Summary of Accurate and Precise Head Impacts Collected on-Ice in Hockey Players and How These Data Will Be Used to Improve Equipment and Rules for Safer Play
,” ASTM Spec. Tech. Publ STP 1625
, pp. 45
–63
.10.1520/STP16252019005653.
Bartsch
,
A. J.
,
Miele
,
V.
, and
Alberts
,
J. L.
, 2019
, “
Estimates of High-Risk Single and Cumulative Head Impact Doses in American Football
,” Biomed. Sci. Instrum.
,
55
(2
), pp. 224
–229
.https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Adam-Bartsch-Phd-2/publication/332971093_ESTIMATES_OF_HIGHRISK_SINGLE_AND_CUMULATIVE_HEAD_IMPACT_DOSES_IN_AMERICAN_FOOTBALL/links/5cd443f5299bf14d95849bad/ESTIMATES-OF-HIGH-RISK-SINGLEAND-CUMULATIVE-HEAD-IMPACT-DOSES-IN-AMERICAN-FOOTBALL.pdf54.
Sady
,
M. D.
,
Vaughan
,
C. G.
, and
Gioia
,
G. A.
, 2014
, “
Psychometric Characteristics of the Postconcussion Symptom Inventory in Children and Adolescents
,” Arch. Clin. Neuropsychol.
,
29
(4
), pp. 348
–363
.10.1093/arclin/acu01455.
Roby
,
P. R.
,
Metzger
,
K. B.
,
McDonald
,
C. C.
,
Corwin
,
D. J.
,
Huber
,
C. M.
,
Patton
,
D. A.
,
Margulies
,
S. S.
,
Grady
,
M. F.
,
Master
,
C. L.
, and
Arbogast
,
K. B.
, 2022
, “
Pre- And Post-Season Visio-Vestibular Function in Healthy Adolescent Athletes
,” Phys. Sportsmed.
, 50(6), pp. 522
–530.10.1080/00913847.2021.198074456.
Truong
,
J. Q.
, 2016
, “
Mild Traumatic Brain Injury (MTBI) and Photosensitivity: Objective Pupillometric Findings
,” Ph.D. dissertation
, State University of New York, College of Optometry, Albany, NY, pp. 1
–244
.http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12648/114557.
Patterson Gentile
,
C.
,
Joshi
,
N. R.
,
Ciuffreda
,
K. J.
,
Arbogast
,
K. B.
,
Master
,
C.
, and
Aguirre
,
G. K.
, 2021
, “
Developmental Effects on Pattern Visual Evoked Potentials Characterized by Principal Component Analysis
,” Transl. Vis. Sci. Technol.
,
10
(4
), pp. 1
–12
.10.1167/tvst.10.4.158.
Odom
,
J. V.
,
Bach
,
M.
,
Brigell
,
M.
,
Holder
,
G. E.
,
McCulloch
,
D. L.
,
Mizota
,
A.
, and
Tormene
,
A. P.
, International Society for Clinical Electrophysiology of Vision
, 2016
, “
ISCEV Standard for Clinical Visual Evoked Potentials: (2016 Update)
,” Doc. Ophthalmol.
,
133
(1
), pp. 1
–9
.10.1007/s10633-016-9553-y59.
Homan
,
R. W.
,
Herman
,
J.
, and
Purdy
,
P.
, 1987
, “
Cerebral Location of International 10-20 System Electrode Placement
,” Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol.
,
66
(4
), pp. 376
–382
.10.1016/0013-4694(87)90206-960.
Wirsching
,
A.
,
Chen
,
Z.
,
Bevilacqua
,
Z. W.
,
Huibregtse
,
M. E.
, and
Kawata
,
K.
, 2019
, “
Association of Acute Increase in Plasma Neurofilament Light With Repetitive Subconcussive Head Impacts: A Pilot Randomized Control Trial
,” J. Neurotrauma
,
36
(4
), pp. 548
–553
.10.1089/neu.2018.583661.
Wu
,
L. C.
,
Nangia
,
V.
,
Bui
,
K.
,
Hammoor
,
B.
,
Kurt
,
M.
,
Hernandez
,
F.
,
Kuo
,
C.
, and
Camarillo
,
D. B.
, 2016
, “
In Vivo Evaluation of Wearable Head Impact Sensors
,” Ann. Biomed. Eng.
,
44
(4
), pp. 1234
–1245
.10.1007/s10439-015-1423-362.
Funk
,
J. R.
,
Cormier
,
J. M.
,
Bain
,
C. E.
,
Guzman
,
H.
,
Bonugli
,
E.
, and
Manoogian
,
S. J.
, 2011
, “
Head and Neck Loading in Everyday and Vigorous Activities
,” Ann. Biomed. Eng.
,
39
(2
), pp. 766
–776
.10.1007/s10439-010-0183-363.
Sokol-Randell
,
D.
,
Stelzer-Hiller
,
O. W.
,
Allan
,
D.
, and
Tierney
,
G.
, 2023
, “
Heads Up ! a Biomechanical Pilot Investigation of Soccer Heading Using Instrumented Mouthguards (IMGs
),” Appl. Sci.
,
13
(4
), p. 2639
.10.3390/app1304263964.
Filben
,
T. M.
,
Pritchard
,
N. S.
,
Miller
,
L. E.
,
Woods
,
S. K.
,
Hayden
,
M. E.
,
Miles
,
C. M.
,
Urban
,
J. E.
, and
Stitzel
,
J. D.
, 2022
, “
Characterization of Head Impact Exposure in Women's Collegiate Soccer
,” J. Appl. Biomech.
,
38
(1
), pp. 2
–11
.10.1123/jab.2020-030465.
Kenny
,
R.
,
Elez
,
M.
,
Clansey
,
A.
,
Virji-Babul
,
N.
, and
Wu
,
L. C.
, 2022
, “
Head Impact Exposure and Biomechanics in University Varsity Women's Soccer
,” Ann. Biomed. Eng.
,
50
(11
), pp. 1461
–1472
.10.1007/s10439-022-02914-366.
Tomblin
,
B. T.
,
Pritchard
,
N. S.
,
Filben
,
T. M.
,
Miller
,
L. E.
,
Miles
,
C. M.
,
Urban
,
J. E.
, and
Stitzel
,
J. D.
, 2021
, “
Characterization of on-Field Head Impact Exposure in Youth Soccer
,” J. Appl. Biomech.
,
37
(1
), pp. 36
–42
.10.1123/jab.2020-007167.
Tyson
,
A. M.
,
Duma
,
S. M.
, and
Rowson
,
S.
, 2018
, “
Laboratory Evaluation of Low-Cost Wearable Sensors for Measuring Head Impacts in Sports
,” J. Appl. Biomech.
,
34
(4
), pp. 320
–326
.10.1123/jab.2017-025668.
Babbs
,
C. F.
, 2001
, “
Biomechanics of Heading a Soccer Ball: Implications for Player Safety
,” Sci. World J.
,
1
, pp. 281
–322
.10.1100/tsw.2001.5669.
Riches
,
P. E.
, 2006
, “
A Dynamic Model of the Head Acceleration Associated With Heading a Soccer Ball
,” Sport. Eng.
,
9
(1
), pp. 39
–47
.10.1007/BF0284426170.
Taha
,
Z.
,
Hassan
,
M. H. A.
, and
Hasanuddin
,
I.
, 2015
, “
Analytical Modelling of Soccer Heading
,” Sadhana - Acad. Proc. Eng. Sci.
,
40
(5
), pp. 1567
–1578
.10.1007/s12046-015-0383-571.
Browne
,
K. D.
,
Chen
,
X.-H.
,
Meaney
,
D. F.
, and
Smith
,
D. H.
, 2011
, “
Mild Traumatic Brain Injury and Diffuse Axonal Injury in Swine
,” J. Neurotrauma
,
28
(9
), pp. 1747
–1755
.10.1089/neu.2011.191372.
Eucker
,
S. A.
,
Smith
,
C.
,
Ralston
,
J.
,
Friess
,
S. H.
, and
Margulies
,
S. S.
, 2011
, “
Physiological and Histopathological Responses Following Closed Rotational Head Injury Depend on Direction of Head Motion
,” Exp. Neurol.
,
227
(1
), pp. 79
–88
.10.1016/j.expneurol.2010.09.01573.
Ledoux
,
A.-A.
,
Tang
,
K.
,
Yeates
,
K. O.
,
Pusic
,
M. V.
,
Boutis
,
K.
,
Craig
,
W. R.
,
Gravel
,
J.
,
Freedman
,
S. B.
,
Gagnon
,
I.
,
Gioia
,
G. A.
,
Osmond
,
M. H.
, and
Zemek
,
R. L.
, for the Pediatric Emergency Research Canada (PERC) Concussion Team,
2019
, “
Natural Progression of Symptom Change and Recovery From Concussion in a Pediatric Population
,” JAMA Pediatr.
,
173
(1
), p. e183820
.10.1001/jamapediatrics.2018.382074.
Elbin
,
R. J.
,
Beatty
,
A.
,
Covassin
,
T.
,
Schatz
,
P.
,
Hydeman
,
A.
, and
Kontos
,
A. P.
, 2015
, “
A Preliminary Examination of Neurocognitive Performance and Symptoms Following a Bout of Soccer Heading in Athletes Wearing Protective Soccer Headbands
,” Res. Sport. Med.
,
23
(2
), pp. 203
–214
.10.1080/15438627.2015.100529375.
Moore
,
R. D.
,
Broglio
,
S. P.
, and
Hillman
,
C. H.
, 2014
, “
Sport-Related Concussion and Sensory Function in Young Adults
,” J. Athl. Train.
,
49
(1
), pp. 36
–41
.10.4085/1062-6050-49.1.0276.
Rosenthal
,
J. A.
,
Foraker
,
R. E.
,
Collins
,
C. L.
, and
Comstock
,
R. D.
, 2014
, “
National High School Athlete Concussion Rates From 2005-2006 to 2011-2012
,” Am. J. Sports Med.
,
42
(7
), pp. 1710
–1715
.10.1177/036354651453009177.
Kerr
,
Z. Y.
,
Cortes
,
N.
,
Caswell
,
A. M.
,
Ambegaonkar
,
J. P.
,
Hallsmith
,
K. R.
,
Milbert
,
A. F.
, and
Caswell
,
S. V.
, 2017
, “
Concussion Rates in U.S. Middle School Athletes, 2015–2016 School Year
,” Am. J. Prev. Med.
,
53
(6
), pp. 914
–918
.10.1016/j.amepre.2017.05.01778.
Marar
,
M.
,
McIlvain
,
N. M.
,
Fields
,
S. K.
, and
Comstock
,
R. D.
, 2012
, “
Epidemiology of Concussions Among United States High School Athletes in 20 Sports
,” Am. J. Sports Med.
,
40
(4
), pp. 747
–755
.10.1177/036354651143562679.
Clair
,
R.
,
Levin Allen
,
S.
,
Goodman
,
A.
, and
McCloskey
,
G.
, 2020
, “
Gender Differences in Quality of Life and Symptom Expression During Recovery From Concussion
,” Appl. Neuropsychol. Child
, 9(3), pp. 206
–214
.10.1080/21622965.2018.155610280.
Sufrinko
,
A. M.
,
Mucha
,
A.
,
Covassin
,
T.
,
Marchetti
,
G.
,
Elbin
,
R. J.
,
Collins
,
M. W.
, and
Kontos
,
A. P.
, 2017
, “
Sex Differences in Vestibular/Ocular and Neurocognitive Outcomes After Sport-Related Concussion
,” Clin. J. Sport Med.
,
27
(2
), pp. 133
–138
.10.1097/JSM.000000000000032481.
Neidecker
,
J. M.
,
Gealt
,
D. B.
,
Luksch
,
J. R.
, and
Weaver
,
M. D.
, 2017
, “
First-Time Sports-Related Concussion Recovery: The Role of Sex, Age, and Sport
,” J. Am. Osteopath. Assoc.
,
117
(10
), pp. 635
–642
.10.7556/jaoa.2017.12082.
Ye
,
K.
,
Fleysher
,
R.
,
Lipton
,
R. B.
,
Zimmerman
,
M. E.
,
Stewart
,
W. F.
,
Sliwinski
,
M. J.
,
Kim
,
M.
, and
Lipton
,
M. L.
, 2022
, “
Repetitive Soccer Heading Adversely Impacts Short-Term Learning Among Adult Women
,” J. Sci. Med. Sport
,
25
(11
), pp. 935
–941
.10.1016/j.jsams.2022.08.011Copyright © 2023 by ASME
You do not currently have access to this content.
