The effects of wax lubricant filled microcapsule content on the tribological properties of epoxy composites without or with 8 wt.% short carbon fibers (SCFs) were systematically investigated. The core percentage of the microcapsules used in this study was about 70 wt.%. The tribological results clearly showed that the friction and wear of the epoxy composites without or with SCFs tested against a 6 mm steel ball significantly decreased with increased microcapsule content from 2.5 to 10 wt.% as a result of the increased amount of released wax lubricant to lubricate rubbing surfaces. The epoxy composites with 8 wt.% SCFs exhibited the lower friction and wear than the ones without SCFs due to the combined lubricating effects of SCFs and released wax lubricant and the improved mechanical strength of the composites. It can be concluded that the higher microcapsule content gives rise to the lower friction and wear of the epoxy composites as the epoxy composites with 8 wt.% SCFs have the better tribological performance than the ones without SCFs.
Issue Section:
Research Papers
Keywords:
Mechanical properties of materials
Topics:
Composite materials,
Epoxy adhesives,
Epoxy resins,
Lubricants,
Friction,
Wear,
Tribology,
Carbon
References
1.
El-Sayed
, A. A.
, El-Sherbiny
, M. G.
, Abo-El-Ezz
, A. S.
, and Aggag
, G. A.
, 1995
, “Friction and Wear Properties of Polymeric Composite Materials for Bearing Applications
,” Wear
, 184
(1
), pp. 45
–53
.10.1016/0043-1648(94)06546-22.
Rabinowics
, E.
, 1995
, Friction and Wear of Materials
, 2nd ed., Wiley
, New York
.3.
Friedrich
, K.
, Zhang
, Z.
, and Schlarb
, A. K.
, 2005
, “Effects of Various Fillers on the Sliding Wear of Polymer Composites
,” Compos. Sci. Technol.
, 65
(15–16
), pp. 2329
–2343
.10.1016/j.compscitech.2005.05.0284.
Khun
, N. W.
, and Liu
, E.
, 2013
, “Thermal, Mechanical and Tribological Properties of Polycarbonate/Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene Blends
,” J. Polym. Eng.
, 33
(6
) pp. 535
–543
.10.1515/polyeng-2013-00395.
Ajayan
, P. M.
, Schadler
, L. S.
, Giannaris
, C.
, Rubio
, A.
, Giannaris
, C.
, and Rubio
, A.
, 2000
, “Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube–Polymer Composites: Strength and Weakness
,” Adv. Mater.
, 12
(10
), pp. 750
–753
.10.1002/(SICI)1521-4095(200005)12:10<750::AID-ADMA750>3.0.CO;2-66.
Thostenson
, E. T.
, Ren
, Z.
, and Chou
, T. W.
, 2001
, “Advances in the Science and Technology of Carbon Nanotubes and Their Composites: A Review
,” Compos. Sci. Technol.
, 61
(13
), pp. 1899
–1912
.10.1016/S0266-3538(01)00094-X7.
Khun
, N. W.
, Zhang
, H.
, Yang
, J. L.
, and Liu
, E.
, 2013
, “Mechanical and Tribological Properties of Epoxy Matrix Composites Modified With Microencapsulated Mixture of Wax Lubricant and Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes
,” Friction
, 1
(4
), pp. 341
–349
.10.1007/s40544-013-0028-98.
Bonfield
, W.
, Edwards
, B. C.
, Markham
, A. J.
, and White
, J. R.
, 1976
, “Wear Transfer Films Formed by Carbon Fibre Reinforced Epoxy Resin Sliding on Stainless Steel
,” Wear
, 37
(1
), pp. 113
–121
.10.1016/0043-1648(76)90185-X9.
Hokao
, M.
, Hironaka
, S.
, Suda
, Y.
, and Yamamoto
, Y.
, 2000
, “Friction and Wear Properties of Graphite/Glassy Carbon Composites
,” Wear
, 237
(1
), pp. 54
–62
.10.1016/S0043-1648(99)00306-310.
Khun
, N. W.
, and Liu
, E.
, 2012
, “Tribological Behavior of Polyurethane Immersed in Acidic Solution
,” Tribol. Trans.
, 55
(4
), pp. 401
–408
.10.1080/10402004.2012.65688111.
Khun
, N. W.
, Troconis
, B. C. R.
, and Frankel
, G. S.
, 2014
, “Effects of Carbon Nanotube Content on Adhesion Strength and Wear and Corrosion Resistance of Epoxy Composite Coatings on AA2024-T3
,” Prog. Org. Coat.
, 77
(1
), pp. 72
–80
.10.1016/j.porgcoat.2013.08.00312.
Wan
, Y. Z.
, Luo
, H. L.
, Wang
, Y. L.
, Huang
, Y.
, Li
, Q. Y.
, Zhou
, F. G.
, and Chen
, G. C.
, 2005
, “Friction and Wear Behavior of Three-Dimensional Braided Carbon Fiber/Epoxy Composites Under Lubricated Sliding Conditions
,” J. Mater. Sci.
, 40
(17
), pp. 4475
–4481
.10.1007/s10853-005-1171-013.
Guo
, Q. B.
, Lau
, K. T.
, Zheng
, B. F.
, Rong
, M. Z.
, and Zhang
, M. Q.
, 2009
, “Imparting Ultra-Low Friction and Wear Rate to Epoxy by the Incorporation of Microencapsulated Lubricant?
,” Macromol. Mater. Eng.
, 294
(1
), pp. 20
–24
.10.1002/mame.20080025714.
Khun
, N. W.
, Sun
, D. W.
, Huang
, M. X.
, Yang
, J. L.
, and Yue
, C. Y.
, 2014
, “Wear Resistant Epoxy Composites With Diisocyanate-Based Self-Healing Functionality
,” Wear
, 313
(1–2
), pp. 19
–28
.10.1016/j.wear.2014.02.01115.
Khun
, N. W.
, Zhang
, H.
, Yang
, J. L.
, and Liu
, E.
, 2012
, “Tribological Performance of Silicone Composite Coatings Filled With Wax-Containing Microcapsules
,” Wear
, 296
(1–2
), pp. 575
–582
.10.1016/j.wear.2012.07.02916.
Khun
, N. W.
, Zhang
, H.
, Yue
, C. Y.
, and Yang
, J. L.
, 2014
, “Self-Lubricating and Wear Resistant Epoxy Composites Incorporated With Microencapsulated Wax
,” ASME J. Appl. Mech.
, 81
(7
), p. 071004
.10.1115/1.402694117.
Novoselov
, K. S.
, Geim
, A. K.
, Morozov
, S. V.
, Jiang
, D.
, Zhang
, Y.
, Dubonos
, S. V.
, Grigorieva
, I. V.
, and Firsov
, A. A.
, 2004
, “Electric Field Effect in Atomically Thin Carbon Films
,” Science
, 306
(5696
), pp. 666
–669
.10.1126/science.110289618.
Quan
, H.
, Zhang
, B. Q.
, Zhao
, Q.
, Yuen
, R.
, Li
, K. K.
, and Robert
, K. Y.
, 2009
, “Facile Preparation and Thermal Degradation Studies of Graphite Nanoplatelets (GNPs) Filled Thermoplastic Polyurethane (TPU) Nanocomposites
,” Compos. Part A
, 40
(9
), pp. 1506
–1513
.10.1016/j.compositesa.2009.06.01219.
Khun
, N. W.
, Zhang
, H.
, Lim
, L. H.
, Yue
, C. Y.
, Hu
, X.
, and Yang
, J. L.
, 2014
, “Tribological Properties of Short Carbon Fiber Reinforced Epoxy Composites
,” Friction
, 2
(3
), pp. 226
–239
.10.1007/s40544-014-0043-520.
Chen
, W. X.
, Li
, F.
, Han
, G.
, Xia
, J. B.
, Wang
, L. Y.
, Tu
, J. P.
, and Xu
, Z. D.
, 2003
, “Tribological Behavior of Carbon-Nanotube-Filled PTFE Composites
,” Tribol. Lett.
, 15
(3
), pp. 275
–278
.10.1023/A:102486930525921.
Zhang
, L. C.
, Zarudi
, I.
, and Xiao
, K. Q.
, 2006
, “Novel Behaviour of Friction and Wear of Epoxy Composites Reinforced by Carbon Nanotubes
,” Wear
, 261
(7–8
), pp. 806
–811
.10.1016/j.wear.2006.01.03322.
Li
, C.
, and Chou
, T. W.
, 2003
, “Elastic Moduli of Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes and the Effect of van der Waals Forces
,” Compos. Sci. Technol.
, 63
(11
), pp. 1517
–1524
.10.1016/S0266-3538(03)00072-123.
Chen
, W. X.
, Tu
, J. P.
, Xu
, Z. D.
, Chen
, W. L.
, Zhang
, X. B.
, and Cheng
, D. H.
, 2003
, “Tribological Properties of Ni–P-Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Electroless Composite Coating
,” Mater. Lett.
, 57
(7
), pp. 1256
–1260
.10.1016/S0167-577X(02)00968-024.
Wang
, C.
, Xue
, T.
, Dong
, B.
, Wang
, Z.
, and Li
, H. L.
, 2008
, “Polystyrene–Acrylonitrile–CNTs Nanocomposites Preparations and Tribological Behavior Research
,” Wear
, 265
(11–12
), pp. 1923
–1926
.10.1016/j.wear.2008.04.02125.
Zhang
, G.
, Karger
, K. J.
, and Zou
, J.
, 2010
, “Synergetic Effect of Carbon Nanofibers and Short Carbon Fibers on the Mechanical and Fracture Properties of Epoxy Resin
,” Carbon
, 48
(15
), pp. 4289
–4300
.10.1016/j.carbon.2010.07.04026.
Huang
, M. X.
, Zhang
, H.
, and Yang
, J. L.
, 2012
, “Synthesis of Organic Silane Microcapsules for Self-Healing Corrosion Resistant Polymer Coatings
,” Corros. Sci.
, 65
, pp. 561
–566
.10.1016/j.corsci.2012.08.02027.
Zhang
, H.
, and Yang
, J. L.
, 2013
, “Etched Glass Bubbles as Robust Micro-Containers for Self-Healing Materials
,” J. Mater. Chem. A
, 1
(41
), pp. 12715
–12720
.10.1039/c3ta13227g28.
Brown
, E. N.
, White
, S. R.
, and Sottos
, N. R.
, 2004
, “Microcapsule Induced Toughening in a Self-Healing Polymer Composite
,” J. Mater. Sci.
, 39
(5
), pp. 1703
–1710
.10.1023/B:JMSC.0000016173.73733.dc29.
Oliver
, W. C.
, and Pharr
, G. M.
, 1992
, “An Improved Technique for Determining Hardness and Elastic Modulus Using Load and Displacement Sensing Indentation Experiments
,” J. Mater. Res.
, 7
(6
), pp. 1564
–1583
.10.1557/JMR.1992.156430.
Yuan
, Y. C.
, Rong
, M. Z.
, and Zhang
, M. Q.
, 2008
, “Preparation and Characterization of Microencapsulated Polythiol
,” Polymer
, 49
(10
), pp. 2531
–2541
.10.1016/j.polymer.2008.03.04431.
Ratna
, D.
, and Simon
, G. P.
, 2001
, “Mechanical Characterization and Morphology of Carboxyl Randomized Poly(2-Ethyl Hexyl Acrylate) Liquid Rubber Toughened Epoxy Resins
,” Polymer
, 42
(18
), pp. 7739
–7747
.10.1016/S0032-3861(01)00278-632.
Mate
, C. M.
, 2008
, Tribology on the Small Scale: A Bottom Up Approach to Friction, Lubrication and Wear
, 1st ed, Oxford University Press
, New York
.33.
Ronkainen
, H.
, Laukkanen
, A.
, and Holmberg
, K.
, 2007
, “Friction in a Coated Surface Deformed by a Sliding Sphere
,” Wear
, 263
(7–12
), pp. 1315
–1323
.10.1016/j.wear.2007.01.10334.
Zhang
, L. C.
, Mylvaganam
, K.
, and Xiao
, K. Q.
, 2008
, “The Intrinsic Frictional Property of Carbon Nanotubes
,” Adv. Mater. Res
, 32
, pp. 1
–4
.10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.32.135.
Svahn
, F.
, Kassman
, R. Å.
, and Wallén
, E.
, 2003
, “The Influence of Surface Roughness on Friction and Wear of Machine Element Coatings
,” Wear
, 254
(11
), pp. 1092
–1098
.10.1016/S0043-1648(03)00341-736.
Menezes
, P. L.
, Kishore
, and Kailas
, S. V.
, 2009
, “Influence of Surface Texture and Roughness Parameters on Friction and Transfer Layer Formation During Sliding of Aluminium Pin on Steel Plate
,” Wear
, 267
(9–10
), pp. 1534
–1549
.10.1016/j.wear.2009.06.00337.
Barrett
, T. S.
, Stachowiak
, G. W.
, and Batchelor
, A. W.
, 1992
, “Effect of Roughness and Sliding Speed on the Wear and Friction of Ultra-High Molecular Weight Polyethylene
,” Wear
, 153
(2
), pp. 331
–350
.10.1016/0043-1648(92)90174-738.
Clerico
, M.
, and Patierno
, V.
, 1979
, “Sliding Wear of Polymeric Composites
,” Wear
, 53
(2
), pp. 279
–301
.10.1016/0043-1648(79)90083-839.
Snow
, A. W.
, and Buckley
, L. J.
, 1997
, “Fluoromethylene Cyanate Ester Resins. Synthesis, Characterization, and Fluoromethylene Chain Length Effects
,” Macromolecules
, 30
(3
), pp. 394
–405
.10.1021/ma961182d40.
Xing
, X. S.
, and Li
, R. K. Y.
, 2004
, “Wear Behavior of Epoxy Matrix Composites Filled With Uniform Sized Sub-Micron Spherical Silica Particles
,” Wear
, 256
(1–2
), pp. 21
–26
.10.1016/S0043-1648(03)00220-541.
Durand
, J. M.
, Vardavoulias
, M.
, and Jeandin
, M.
, 1995
, “Role of Reinforcing Ceramic Particles in the Wear Behaviour of Polymer-Based Model Composites
,” Wear
, 181–183
(Part 2
), pp. 833
–839
.10.1016/0043-1648(95)90203-1Copyright © 2014 by ASME
You do not currently have access to this content.
